Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Young and Middle-Aged Adults: Results from a Community-Based Survey in Rural Tanzania

Table 1

Characteristics of the study participants.

Variable	All participants; N = 3,000; n (%)	Males; N = 778; n (%)	Females; N = 2,222; n (%)	value
Age (years) (median (IQR))	39 (31.0–48.0)	41 (32.0–51.0)	38 (30.8–47.0)	<0.001
Age (years)
25–34	1072 (35.7)	238 (30.6)	834 (37.5)	<0.001
35–44	888 (29.6)	208 (26.7)	680 (30.6)
45–54	628 (20.9)	182 (23.4)	446 (20.1)
55–64	412 (13.7)	150 (19.3)	262 (11.8)
Wealth status
Poorest	694 (23.1)	190 (24.4)	504 (22.7)	0.046
Poor	497 (16.6)	137 (17.6)	360 (16.2)
Middle	579 (19.3)	150 (19.3)	429 (19.3)
Rich	630 (21.0)	134 (17.2)	496 (22.3)
Richest	600 (20.0)	167 (21.5)	433 (19.5)
District
Kilombero	1500 (50.0)	344 (44.2)	1156 (52.0)	<0.001
Ulanga	1500 (50.0)	434 (55.8)	1066 (48.0)
Marital status
Never married	383 (12.8)	97 (12.5)	286 (12.9)	<0.001
Married	2144 (71.5)	613 (78.8)	1531 (68.9)
Separated/divorced/widowed	473 (15.8)	68 (8.7)	405 (18.2)
Education level
No formal education	297 (9.9)	32 (4.1)	265 (11.9)	<0.001
Primary education	2411 (80.4)	628 (80.7)	1783 (80.2)
Secondary education	255 (8.5)	99 (12.7)	156 (7.0)
College/university education	37 (1.2)	19 (2.4)	18 (0.8)
Occupation
Farmer	2775 (92.5)	730 (93.8)	2052 (92.3)	<0.001
House wife	79 (2.6)	0 (0.0)	72 (3.2)
Employed	27 (0.9)	14 (1.8)	13 (0.6)
Business	80 (2.7)	25 (3.2)	55 (2.5)
Others	39 (1.3)	9 (1.2)	30 (1.4)
Current smoking status
No	2824 (94.1)	634 (81.5)	2190 (98.6)	<0.001
Yes	176 (5.9)	144 (18.5)	32 (1.4)
Current alcohol drinking status
No	2409 (80.3)	547 (70.3)	1862 (80.3)	<0.001
Yes	591 (19.7)	231 (29.7)	360 (19.7)
Use of raw table salt
Never	446 (14.9)	95 (12.2)	351 (15.8)	0.026
Sometimes	2351 (78.4)	636 (81.7)	1715 (77.2)
Always	203 (6.8)	47 (6.0)	156 (7.0)
Fruits consumption/week
5–7 days	238 (7.9)	63 (8.1)	175 (7.9)	0.814
1–4 days	2168 (72.3)	567 (72.9)	1601 (72.1)
Never	594 (19.8)	148 (19.0)	446 (20.1)
Consumption of vegetables/week
5–7 days	1916 (63.9)	433 (55.7)	1483 (66.7)	<0.001
1–4 days	1043 (34.8)	333 (42.8)	710 (32.0)
Never	41 (1.4)	12 (1.5)	29 (1.3)
History of diabetes mellitus
No	2971 (99.0)	770 (99.0)	2201 (99.1)	0.838
Yes	29 (1.0)	8 (1.0)	21 (0.9)
Body mass index (BMI (kg/m^2))
Underweight	93 (3.1)	30 (3.9)	63 (2.8)	<0.001
Normal	1563 (52.1)	531 (68.3)	1032 (46.4)
Overweight	855 (28.5)	170 (21.9)	685 (30.8)
Obese	489 (16.3)	47 (6.0)	442 (19.9)
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Mean SBP (SD)	127.2 (20.8)	131.1 (17.9)	125.9 (20.8)	<0.001
Mean DBP (SD)	83.5 (12.6)	83.9 (11.9)	83.3 (12.8)	0.298
Blood pressure profile
Normal BP	954 (31.8)	163 (21.0)	791 (35.6)	<0.001
Prehypertension	1198 (39.9)	374 (48.1)	824 (37.1)
High BP (stage 1)	500 (16.7)	157 (20.2)	343 (15.4)
High BP (stage 2)	348 (11.6)	84 (10.8)	264 (11.9)