Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Young and Middle-Aged Adults: Results from a Community-Based Survey in Rural Tanzania

Table 3

Crude and multivariate adjusted logistic regression models for determinants of hypertension in the study population (N = 3000).

Variable	Crude odds ratio, COR (95% CI)		Adjusted odds ratio, AOR (95% CI)
Age (years)
25–34	Ref		Ref
35–44	2.88 (2.29–3.63)		2.92 (2.29–3.73)
45–54	5.21 (4.10–6.63)	<0.001	5.45 (4.20–7.07)	<0.001
55–64	7.94 (6.09–10.3)		8.45 (6.33–11.30)
Gender
Male	Ref		Ref
Female	0.88 (0.74–1.05)	0.149	0.89 (0.72–1.10)	0.286
Wealth status
Poorest	Ref
Poor	0.99 (0.77–1.28)
Middle	0.98 (0.77–1.25)	0.701	—	—
Rich	1.08 (0.85–1.37)
Richest	1.14 (0.90–1.45)
Marital status
Never married	Ref		Ref
Married	1.28 (0.99–1.65)	0.001	0.87 (0.66–1.15)	0.620
Separated/divorced/widowed	1.76 (1.30–2.37)		0.88 (0.63–1.22)
Education level
No formal education	Ref		Ref
Primary education	0.82 (0.63–1.06)		0.97 (0.73–1.28)	0.615
Secondary education	0.48 (0.33–0.72)	0.003	1.06 (0.68–1.63)
College/university	1.05 (0.51–2.15)		1.59 (0.71–3.53)
Place of residence
Kilombero district	Ref		Ref
Ulanga district	1.15 (0.98 (1.34)	0.092	1.17 (0.98–1.39)	0.079
Occupation
Farmer	Ref
Housewife	0.65 (0.38–1.13)
Employed	1.00 (0.44–2.30)	0.594	—	—
Business	0.90 (0.55–1.49)
Others	1.19 (0.61–2.33)
Current smoking status
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.37 (0.99–1.88)	0.053	1.12 (0.77–1.63)	0.540
Current alcohol drinking status
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.25 (1.03–1.52)	0.023	0.93 (0.74–1.15)	0.495
Use of raw table salt
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	2.12 (1.64–2.75)	<0.001	2.27 (1.73–2.99)	<0.001
Fruits consumption/week
5–7 days	Ref
1–4 days	1.16 (0.83–1.63)	0.599	—	—
Never	1.17 (0.86–1.58)
Consumption of vegetable/week
5–7 days	Ref		Ref
1–4 days	1.32 (0.69–2.50)	0.077	1.45 (0.72–2.94)	0.084
Never	0.84 (0.71–0.99)		0.84 (0.70–1.00)
History of diabetes
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	2.61 (1.25–5.43)	0.010	1.53 (0.69–3.35)	0.293
Body mass index (BMI (kg/m^2))
Normal	Ref		Ref
Overweight	1.41 (1.17–1.70)		1.53 (1.26–1.88)
Obese	2.17 (1.75–2.67)	<0.001	2.58 (2.04–3.28)	<0.001
Underweight	0.45 (0.24–0.82)		0.41 (0.21–0.78)