Review Article
The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension among the Urban Population in Southeast Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 4
Associated risk factors for hypertension identified in each study.
| | No. | Author (year) | Risk factors | Notes | | Male gender | Older age | Ethnicity | Lower education level | Smoking | Alcohol | High BMI | High WC | High cholesterol | DM |
| | (1) | Bjertness et al. (2016) [15] | + | + | N | N | N | + | + | + | N | N | The only specific risk factor for urban was being male. Others were overall risk factors | | (2) | Christiani et al. (2016) [16] | − | + | N | + | + | N | + | N | + | N | Women have a higher risk of raised blood pressure at an age of ≥45 years. Men have a higher risk of raised blood pressure at an age of 15 to ≤45 years | | (3) | Htet et al. (2017) [17] | + | N | N | N | N | + | + | N | N | + | The only specific risk factor for urban was being male. Others were overall risk factors | | (4) | Liew et al. (2019) [19] | N | N | N | N | N | + | + | N | N | N | | | (5) | Liew et al. (2019) [20] | + | N | + (Malay) | + | N | N | N | N | N | N | Additional risk factor: homemaker | | (6) | Visanuyothin et al. (2018) [21] | N | N | N | N | + | N | N | N | + | N | Smoking history and having hyperlipidemia | | (7) | Sison et al. (2019) [22] | + | + | N | N | N | + | + | N | N | N | The only specific risk factor for urban was being male. Others were overall risk factors |
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N = not measured, + = positively associated with hypertension, − = negatively associated with hypertension.
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