International Journal of Hypertension

Review Article

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease as a Marker of Hypertension Target Organ Damage in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of included studies.
AuthorYear of publicationCountryRegionStudy designStudy locationStudy settingFemale (%)Total sampleNo with HTNNo with CKDMean SBP (mmHg)Mean DBP (mmHg)eGFR formulaMethod of CKD assessmentQuality
Ayodele et al. [39]2007NigeriaWest AfricaCross-sectionalUrbanCommunity55.914314333175.36100.01MDRD2x GFR (3 months)Medium
Peer et al. [33]2008South AfricaSouthern AfricaCross-sectionalUrbanCommunity5540340313146 ± 2789 ± 13CG1x GFRMedium
Osafo et al. [35]2011GhanaWest AfricaCross-sectionalUrbanCommunity78.2560760716415090MDRD1x GFR + 1x UPCRLow
Ajayi et al. [41]2014NigeriaWest AfricaCross-sectionalUrbanCommunity51.3628404146135.9 ± 27.487.0 ± 16.3MDRD1x GFRMedium
Nelissen et al. [36]2014NigeriaWest AfricaCross-sectionalRuralCommunity64.892718212154.5 ± 21.296.3 ± 11.8MDRD1x GFRMedium
Kabedi et al. [38]2014DRCCentral AfricaCross-sectionalUrbanCommunity5415915928159.195.1MDRD1x GFRMedium
Aryee et al. [40]2016GhanaWest AfricaCase-controlUrban/ruralCommunity58.8924118040154.69101.24CG1x GFRMedium
Aryee et al. [40]2016GhanaWest AfricaCross-sectionalUrban/ruralCommunity58.8924118032154.69101.24MDRD1x GFRMedium
Aryee et al. [40]2016GhanaWest AfricaCross-sectionalUrban/ruralCommunity58.8924118035154.69101.24CKDEPI1x GFRMedium
Peck et al. [34]2016TanzaniaEast AfricaCross-sectionalUrban/ruralCommunity54.3109518023NRNRCKDEPI1x GFRMedium
Kalyesubula et al. [37]2017UgandaEast AfricaCross-sectionalUrban/ruralCommunity66.5395523953NRNRCG1x GFR + 1x dipstickMedium
Adjei et al. [42]2018GhanaWest AfricaCross-sectionalUrban/ruralCommunity65.82524737107NRNRCKDEPI1x GFR + 1x UPCRMedium
Ploth et al. [32]2018TanzaniaEast AfricaCross-sectionalRuralCommunity65.9773911814NRNRCG1x GFRMedium
Tannor et al. [31]2019GhanaWest AfricaCross-sectionalUrban/ruralCommunity76.2532941585417140.92NRCKDEPI1x GFR + 1x dipstickMedium
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKP-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease; CG, Cockcroft–Gault; NR, not reported; 1x, performed once; 2x, performed twice.