Disturbances of the Gut Microbiota, Sleep Architecture, and mTOR Signaling Pathway in Patients with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Associated Hypertension
Table 2
Polysomnographic data analysis among non-OSA, OSA, and OSA-HTN.
Non-OSA (n = 12)
OSA (n = 27)
OSA-HTN (n = 33)
F value
value
Post-hoc test
value
Non-OSA vs. OSA
Non-OSA vs. OSA-HTN
OSA vs. OSA-HTN
Total sleep time (min)
394.23 ± 79.11
409.43 ± 106.39
420.27 ± 89.03
0.330
0.720
NAa
NA
NA
N1 sleep stage (%)
26.85 ± 15.03
52.61 ± 18.04
49.03 ± 17.32
9.330
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.476
N2 sleep stage (%)
34.68 ± 17.29
21.48 ± 12.09
25.11 ± 11.51
4.486
0.015
0.004
0.030
0.254
N3 sleep stage (%)
19.53 ± 6.34
8.65 ± 7.76
10.77 ± 8.49
8.035
0.001
<0.001
0.002
0.294
NREM sleep stage (%)
81.04 ± 10.72
82.78 ± 14.59
84.93 ± 9.32
0.657
0.522
NA
NA
NA
REM sleep stage (%)
18.96 ± 10.72
17.22 ± 14.59
15.07 ± 9.32
0.657
0.522
NA
NA
NA
Sleep efficiency (%)
72.55 ± 10.93
73.43 ± 17.61
75.25 ± 12.87
0.152
0.859
NA
NA
NA
Sleep latency (min)
29.41 ± 26.84
21.73 ± 29.01
28.26 ± 32.95
0.332
0.718
NA
NA
NA
Wake after sleep onset
118.03 ± 58.77
125.74 ± 84.63
111.3 ± 67.15
0.087
0.917
NA
NA
NA
Arousal index(events/h)
3.21 ± 1.42
3.56 ± 3.64
2.77 ± 2.16
0.322
0.726
NA
NA
NA
Arousal index in REM
35.15 ± 14.54
44.63 ± 21.41
45.95 ± 18.74
1.681
0.194
NA
NA
NA
Arousal index in NREM
33.83 ± 11.13
59.35 ± 16.69
65.52 ± 18.95
8.092
0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.189
Total sleep arousal index
34.52 ± 11.18
59.19 ± 16.26
63.6 ± 17.65
14.302
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.318
Apnea-hypopnea index (events/h)
1.90 ± 1.4
53.78 ± 17.90
58.99 ± 19.81
52.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.447
Obstructive apnea index (events/h)
0.61 ± 0.75
29.29 ± 17.59
31.96 ± 22.37
12.944
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.659
Central apnea index (events/h)
0.13 ± 0.19
3.06 ± 5.87
2.70 ± 3.51
2.084
0.132
NA
NA
NA
Mixed apnea index (events/h)
0.06 ± 0.12
4.30 ± 6.71
4.64 ± 6.05
2.991
0.057
NA
NA
NA
Hypopnea index (events/h)
1.10 ± 1.08
17.10 ± 11.47
19.69 ± 12.97
12.545
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.566
Oxygen desaturation index (events/h)
1.52 ± 1.48
49.97 ± 18.95
55.6 ± 18.53
49.580
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.443
Lowest oxygen saturation (%)
90.00 ± 4.11
72.22 ± 9.19
70.88 ± 9.43
25.112
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.915
Average oxygen saturation (%)
95.92 ± 1.51
92.59 ± 2.94
91.48 ± 3.43
9.624
<0.001
0.001
<0.001
0.277
Mean heart rate
60.67 ± 8.91
67.22 ± 9.28
68.70 ± 12.1
2.494
0.090
NA
NA
NA
Arrhythmia index (events/h)
7.95 ± 16.36
17.89 ± 50.59
9.35 ± 25.60
0.618
0.542
NA
NA
NA
Maximum heart rate
96.67 ± 16.59
104.26 ± 13.97
101.91 ± 12.92
1.159
0.320
NA
NA
NA
Minimum heart rate
51.25 ± 7.66
53.22 ± 8.05
51.52 ± 7.80
0.453
0.637
NA
NA
NA
Blood pressure elevation index (events/h)
4.94 ± 5.19
29.61 ± 21.12
35.30 ± 26.19
8.405
0.001
0.002
<0.001
0.446
The highest systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
140.67 ± 23.60
185.48 ± 42.82
199.88 ± 37.85
11.020
<0.001
0.001
<0.001
0.287
Average systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
111.67 ± 16.29
119.85 ± 15.48
141.97 ± 21.97
15.339
<0.001
0.211
<0.001
<0.001
Average diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
75.58 ± 10.39
82.78 ± 8.22
96.48 ± 12.57
20.529
<0.001
0.064
<0.001
<0.001
aNot analyzed. Non-OSA: apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≤5 without hypertension, OSA: severe OSA (AHI ≥30) without hypertension, and OSA-HTN: severe OSA with hypertension. values < 0.05 were considered significant.
