Research Article
Effect of Presence versus Absence of Hypertension on Admission Heart Rate-Associated Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to admission heart rate.
| | Variables | Admission heart rate tertiles | value | | T1: ≤66 bpm (n = 369) | T2: 67–73 bpm (n = 322) | T3: ≥74 bpm (n = 365) |
| | Age (years) | 58.7 ± 10.3 | 59.3 ± 9.9 | 61.1 ± 11.3 | 0.007 | | Female sex, n (%) | 85 (23.0) | 87 (27.0) | 98 (26.8) | 0.384 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 (23.8–27.7) | 25.2 (23.7–27.4) | 25.1 (23.4–28.0) | 0.837 | | Admission SBP (mm Hg) | 129 ± 17 | 132 ± 16 | 131 ± 17 | 0.056 | | Admission DBP (mm Hg) | 76 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 77 ± 12 | 0.049 | | Current smoking, n (%) | 174 (47.2) | 138 (42.9) | 152 (41.6) | 0.289 | | Family history of CAD, n (%) | 107 (29.0) | 95 (29.5) | 123 (33.7) | 0.324 | | Hypertension, n (%) | 210 (56.9) | 196 (60.9) | 241 (66.0) | 0.040 | | Diabetes, n (%) | 146 (39.6)) | 143 (44.4) | 188 (51.5) | 0.005 | | Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 286 (77.5) | 256 (79.5) | 314 (86.0) | 0.009 | | CKD, n (%) | 14 (3.8) | 13 (4.0) | 31 (8.5) | 0.008 | | Prior MI, n (%) | 41 (11.1) | 54 (16.8) | 65 (17.8) | 0.025 | | Types of ACS, n (%) | — | — | — | — | | UA | 288 (78.0) | 239 (74.2) | 240 (65.8) | 0.001 | | NSTEMI | 45 (12.2) | 38 (11.8) | 61 (16.7) | 0.105 | | STEMI | 36 (9.8) | 45 (14.0) | 64 (17.5) | 0.009 | | LVEF (%) | 64 ± 6 | 63 ± 8 | 63 ± 8 | 0.102 | | Medications before admission, n (%) | — | — | — | — | | Antiplatelet therapy | 241 (65.3) | 216 (67.1) | 215 (58.9) | 0.060 | | Statins | 227 (61.5) | 216 (67.1) | 215 (58.9) | 0.081 | | ACEIs/ARBs | 101 (27.4) | 67 (20.8) | 86 (23.6) | 0.127 | | DHP-CCBs | 109 (29.5) | 102 (31.7) | 125 (34.2) | 0.391 | | Insulin | 39 (10.6) | 50 (15.5) | 69 (18.9) | 0.006 | | Sulfonylurea | 39 (10.6) | 42 (13.0) | 37 (10.1) | 0.435 | | Metformin | 35 (9.5) | 30 (9.3) | 64 (17.5) | 0.001 | | α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 28 (7.6) | 36 (11.2) | 41 (11.2) | 0.173 | | Angiographic characteristics, n (%) | — | — | — | — | | Left-main disease | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.102 | | Three-vessel disease | 145 (39.3) | 144 (44.7) | 228 (62.5) | <0.001 | | Proximal LAD stenosis | 147 (39.8) | 156 (48.4) | 218 (59.7) | <0.001 | | Bifurcation or trifurcation lesions | 258 (69.9) | 227 (70.5) | 300 (82.2) | <0.001 | | Heavy calcification lesions | 59 (16.0) | 70 (21.7) | 154 (41.4) | <0.001 | | Procedural results, n (%) | — | — | — | — | | DES | 305 (82.7) | 273 (84.8) | 315 (86.3) | 0.390 | | BRS | 45 (12.2) | 13 (4) | 7 (1.9) | <0.001 | | DCB | 13 (3.5) | 21 (6.5) | 17 (4.7) | 0.206 | | Complete revascularization | 283 (76.7) | 231 (71.7) | 160 (43.8) | <0.001 |
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value : one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis H-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MI, myocardial infarction; ACS, acute coronary disease; UA, unstable angina; NSTEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; DHP-CCB, dihydropyridine-calcium channel blocker; LAD, left anterior descending. |
