Research Article
Evaluation of Relationship between Serum Liver Enzymes and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Data from Rafsanjan Cohort Study
Table 1
Demographic, selected medical and laboratory characteristics of study participants by blood pressure groups (n = 9930).
| | Characteristics | Overall (n = 9930) | Blood pressure groups | | Normal (n = 5656) | Elevated (n = 297) | Stage 1 hypertension (n = 1486) | Stage 2 hypertension (n = 2491) | value |
| | Age-yr. no (%) | | | <0.001 | | | | 35–45 | 3694 (100) | 2789 (75.50) | 38 (1.03) | 561 (15.19) | 306 (8.28) | | | 46–55 | 3059 (100) | 1699 (55.54) | 75 (2.45) | 499 (16.31) | 786 (25.69) | | | ≥56 | 3176 (100) | 1167 (36.74) | 184 (5.79) | 426 (13.41) | 1399 (44.05) | | | Mean ± SD | 49.94 ± 9.56 | 47.13 ± 8.97 | 56.14 ± 8.39 | 49.41 ± 8.92 | 55.91 ± 8.22 | <0.001 | | Gender-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Female | 5307 (100) | 2964 (55.85) | 116 (2.19) | 634 (11.95) | 1593 (30.02) | | | Male | 4623 (100) | 2692 (58.23) | 181 (3.92) | 852 (18.43) | 898 (19.42) | | | Education-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | ≤5 years | 3484 (100) | 1309 (47.04) | 122 (3.50) | 496 (14.24) | 1227 (35.22) | | | 6–12 years | 4817 (100) | 2978 (61.82) | 133 (2.76) | 734 (15.24) | 972 (20.18) | | | ≥13 years | 1625 (100) | 1035 (63.69) | 42 (2.58) | 256 (15.75) | 292 (17.97) | | | Physical activity-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Low | 2540 (100) | 1309 (51.54) | 87 (3.43) | 393 (15.47) | 751 (29.57) | | | Moderate | 4906 (100) | 2832 (57.73) | 121 (2.47) | 713 (14.53) | 1240 (25.28) | | | Heavy | 2484 (100) | 1515 (60.99) | 89 (3.58) | 380 (15.30) | 500 (20.13) | | | Mean ± SD | 38.80 ± 6.31 | 39.15 ± 6.55 | 38.90 ± 6.48 | 39.01 ± 6.73 | 37.85 ± 5.31 | <0.001 | | BMI-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | <25 | 2866 (100) | 2058 (71.81) | 99 (3.45) | 334 (11.65) | 375 (13.08) | | | 25–29.9 | 4068 (100) | 2319 (57.01) | 122 (3.00) | 637 (15.66) | 990 (24.34) | | | ≥30 | 2990 (100) | 1274 (42.61) | 76 (2.54) | 515 (17.22) | 1125 (37.63) | | | Mean ± SD | 27.82 ± 4.92 | 26.77 ± 4.59 | 27.11 ± 4.46 | 28.62 ± 4.86 | 29.81 ± 5.01 | <0.001 | | Wealth score index-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Low | 2335 (100) | 1301 (55.72) | 74 (3.17) | 315 (13.49) | 645 (27.62) | | | Low-middle | 2849 (100) | 1546 (54.26) | 101 (3.55) | 447 (15.69) | 755 (26.50) | | | Middle-high | 3974 (100) | 2338 (58.83) | 96 (2.42) | 599 (15.07) | 941 (23.68) | | | High | 764 (100) | 463 (60.60) | 26 (3.40) | 125 (16.36) | 150 (19.63) | | | Alcohol consumption-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Yes | 993 (100) | 654 (65.86) | 27 (2.72) | 170 (17.12) | 142 (14.30) | | | No | 8918 (100) | 4990 (55.95) | 267 (2.99) | 1316 (14.76) | 2345 (26.30) | | | Cigarette smoking-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Yes | 2544 (100) | 1586 (62.34) | 102 (4.01) | 377 (14.82) | 479 (18.83) | | | No | 7367 (100) | 4058 (55.08) | 192 (2.61) | 1109 (15.05) | 2008 (27.26) | | | Opium consumption-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Yes | 2345 (100) | 1446 (61.66) | 98 (4.18) | 335 (14.29) | 466 (19.87) | | | No | 7566 (100) | 4198 (55.49) | 196 (2.59) | 1151 (15.21) | 2021 (26.71) | | | Diabetes-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Yes | 1933 (100) | 654 (33.83) | 73 (3.78) | 239 (12.36) | 967 (50.03) | | | No | 7997 (100) | 5002 (62.55) | 224 (2. 80) | 1247 (15.59) | 1524 (19.06) | | | Family history of hypertension in first-degree relatives-no (%) | <0.001 | | Yes | 5469 (100) | 2850 (52.11) | 136 (2.49) | 824 (15.07) | 1524 (30.33) | | | No | 4461 (100) | 2806 (62.90) | 161 (3.61) | 662 (14.84) | 832 (18.65) | | | Family history of hypertension in second-degree relatives-no (%) | 0.019 | | Yes | 1627 (100) | 961 (59.07) | 36 (2.21) | 257 (15.80) | 373 (22.93) | | | No | 8303 (100) | 4695 (56.55) | 261 (3.14) | 1229 (14.80) | 2118 (25.51) | |
| | Characteristics | Overall (n = 9991) | Blood Pressure Groups | | Normal (n = 5716) | Elevated (n = 297) | Stage 1 hypertension (n = 1486) | Stage 2 hypertension (n = 2491) | -value | | Fatty liver | | | | | <0.001 | | Yes | 1013 (100) | 483 (47.68) | 20 (1.97) | 138 (13.62) | 372 (36.72) | | | No | 8917 (100) | 5173 (58.01) | 277 (3.11) | 1348 (15.12) | 2119 (23.76) | | | Taking hepatotoxic drugs | | | | | <0.001 | | Yes | 2387 (100) | 858 (35.94) | 81 (3.39) | 267 (11.19) | 1181 (49.48) | | | No | 7543 (100) | 4798 (63.61) | 216 (2.86) | 1219 (16.16) | 1310 (17.37) | | | Cholesterol | | | | | | | Mean ± SD | 198.66 ± 38.05 | 196.19 ± 36.51 | 206.32 ± 40.03 | 205.30 ± 36.95 | 199.39 ± 41.13 | <0.001 | | Triglycerides | | | | | | | Median (interquartile range) | 145 (106–199) | 135 (99–189) | 141.5 (110–196) | 154 (115–214) | 160 (119–217) | <0.001 | | LDL cholesterol | | | | | | | Mean ± SD | 108.17 ± 30.29 | 107.36 ± 28.81 | 116.05 ± 31.28 | 112.93 ± 30.15 | 106.23 ± 33 | <0.001 | | HDL cholesterol | | | | | | | Mean ± SD | 57.75 ± 10.87 | 57.90 ± 10.89 | 56.97 ± 11.35 | 57.26 ± 10.49 | 57.80 ± 10.99 | 0.135 | | FBS | | | | | <0.001 | | Elevated | 1669 (100) | 594 (35.59) | 80 (4.79) | 209 (12.52) | 786 (47.09) | | | Mean ± SD | 113.28 ± 39.09 | 107.18 ± 32.94 | 121.06 ± 43.18 | 111.16 ± 34.44 | 127.52 ± 49.05 | <0.001 | | AST-no (%) | | | | | 0.051 | | Elevated | 294 (100) | 145 (49.32) | 8 (2.72) | 51 (17.35) | 90 (30.61) | | | Median (interquartile range) | 18 (15–22) | 17 (15–21) | 18 (15–22) | 19 (15–23) | 18 (15–22) | <0.001 | | ALT-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Elevated | 882 (100) | 461 (52.27) | 20 (2.27) | 175 (19.84) | 226 (25.42) | | | Median (interquartile range) | 18 (13–25) | 17 (12–24) | 18 (13–23) | 20 (14–28) | 19 (14–26) | <0.001 | | GGT-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Elevated | 1010 (100) | 482 (47.72) | 35 (3.47) | 167 (16.53) | 326 (32.28) | | | Median (interquartile range) | 21 (16–30) | 20 (15–29) | 22 (16.5–30) | 23 (18–33) | 23 (17–32) | <0.001 | | ALP-no (%) | | | | | <0.001 | | Elevated | 966 (100) | 440 (45.55) | 32 (3.31) | 156 (16.15) | 338 (34.99) | | | Median (interquartile range) | 216 (181–259) | 208 (175–250) | 224.5 (190–266) | 220 (186–265) | 229 (190–275) | <0.001 |
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Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; FBS: fasting blood sugar; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; GGt: γ-glutamyl transferase.
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