Research Article
Evaluation of Relationship between Serum Liver Enzymes and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Data from Rafsanjan Cohort Study
Table 2
The associations of the liver enzymes with demographic and selected medical and laboratory characteristics in the study participants.
| | Characteristic | Elevated ALT | value | Elevated AST | value | Elevated GGT | value | Elevated ALP | value |
| | Age cat-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | 0.905 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | 35–45 | 438 (49.27) | | 112 (37.58) | | 310 (30.45) | | 215 (22.10) | | | 46–55 | 268 (30.15) | | 94 (31.54) | | 335 (32.91) | | 344 (35.35) | | | ≥56 | 183 (20.58) | | 92 (30.87) | | 373 (36.64) | | 414 (42.55) | | | Gender-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | 0.621 | | 0.001 | | 0.827 | | Female | 348 (39.15) | | 155 (52.01) | | 595 (58.45) | | 523 (9.85) | | | Male | 541 (60.85) | | 143 (47.99) | | 423 (41.55) | | 450 (46.25) | | | Education-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | 0.090 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | ≤5 years | 255 (28.72) | | 122 (40.94) | | 422 (41.49) | | 463 (47.63) | | | 6–12 years | 444 (50.00) | | 129 (43.29) | | 443 (43.56) | | 403 (41.46) | | | ≥13 years | 189 (21.28) | | 47 (15.77) | | 152 (14.95) | | 106 (10.91) | | | Physical activity-no. (%) | | 0.009 | | 0.042 | | <0.001 | | 0.006 | | Low | 381 (42.86) | | 135 (45.30) | | 450 (44.20) | | 423 (43.47) | | | Moderate | 409 (46.01) | | 140 (46.98) | | 493 (48.43) | | 460 (47.28) | | | Heavy | 99 (11.14) | | 23 (7.72) | | 75 (7.37) | | 90 (9.25) | | | BMI-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | 0.038 | | <25 | 120 (13.53) | | 53 (17.79) | | 167 (16.42) | | 249 (25.62) | | | 25–29.9 | 429 (48.37) | | 123 (41.28) | | 464 (45.62) | | 403 (41.46) | | | ≥30 | 338 (38.11) | | 122 (40.94) | | 386 (37.95) | | 320 (32.92) | | | WSI-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | 0.137 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | Low | 213 (23.99) | | 79 (26.51) | | 274 (26.94) | | 306 (31.48) | | | Low-middle | 247 (27.82) | | 90 (30.20) | | 316 (31.07) | | 276 (28.40) | | | Middle-high | 328 (36.94) | | 101 (33.89) | | 372 (36.58) | | 352 (36.21) | | | High | 100 (11.26) | | 28 (9.40) | | 55 (5.41) | | 38 (3.91) | | | Alcohol consumption-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | 0.006 | | 0.945 | | 0.045 | | Yes | 142 (16.15) | | 43 (14.78) | | 101 (10.05) | | 114 (11.83) | | | No | 737 (83.85) | | 248 (85.22) | | 904 (89.95) | | 850 (88.17) | | | Cigarette smoking-no. (%) | | 0.311 | | 0.441 | | 0.049 | | <0.001 | | Yes | 213 (24.23) | | 69 (23.71) | | 232 (23.08) | | 318 (32.99) | | | No | 666 (75.77) | | 222 (76.29) | | 773 (76.92) | | 646 (67.01) | | | Opium consumption-no. (%) | | 0.001 | | 0.227 | | 0.583 | | <0.001 | | Yes | 168 (19.11) | | 60 (20.62) | | 230 (22.89) | | 307 (31.85) | | | No | 711 (80.89) | | 231 (79.38) | | 775 (77.11) | | 657 (68.15) | | | Diabetes-no. (%) | | 0.041 | | 0.013 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | Yes | 195 (10.10) | | 74 (3.83) | | 302 (15.66) | | 281 (14.56) | | | No | 1735 (89.90) | | 1856 (96.17) | | 1627 (84.34) | | 1649 (85.44) | | | Family history of hypertension in first-degree relatives-no (%) | | 0.658 | | 0.469 | | 0.904 | | 0.117 | | Yes | 492 (55.78) | | 168 (3.08) | | 558 (10.24) | | 509 (52.69) | | | No | 390 (44.22) | | 126 (96.92) | | 4890 (89.76) | | 457 (47.31) | | | Family history of hypertension in second-degree relatives-no (%) | | 0.643 | | 0.024 | | 0.038 | | 0.003 | | Yes | 149 (16.89) | | 34 (2.10) | | 142 (8.78) | | 125 (12.94) | | | No | 733 (83.11) | | 1583 (97.90) | | 1475 (91.22) | | 841 (87.06) | | | Fatty liver-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | 0.409 | | Yes | 167 (18.93) | | 53 (18.03) | | 165 (16.34) | | 106 (10.97) | | | No | 715 (81.07) | | 241 (81.97) | | 845 (83.66) | | 860 (89.03) | | | Use of hepatotoxic drugs-no. (%) | | 0.207 | | 0.254 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | Yes | 197 (22.34) | | 79 (26.87) | | 315 (31.19) | | 304 (31.47) | | | No | 685 (77.66) | | 215 (73.13) | | 695 (68.81) | | 662 (68.53) | | | Cholesterol-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | 0.003 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | Normal | 394 (44.32) | | 141 (47.32) | | 433 (42.53) | | 487 (50.05) | | | Elevated | 495 (55.68) | | 157 (52.68) | | 585 (57.47) | | 486 (49.95) | | | Triglycerides-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | 0.005 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | Normal | 557 (62.65) | | 203 (68.12) | | 596 (58.55) | | 662 (68.04) | | | Elevated | 332 (37.35) | | 95 (31.88) | | 422 (41.45) | | 311 (31.96) | | | LDL cholesterol-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | 0.001 | | Normal | 633 (71.28) | | 201 (67.68) | | 699 (68.73) | | 712 (73.25) | | | Elevated | 255 (28.72) | | 96 (32.32) | | 318 (31.27) | | 260 (26.75) | | | HDL cholesterol-no. (%) | | 0.855 | | 0.479 | | 0.679 | | 0.594 | | Normal | 885 (99.55) | | 296 (99.33) | | 1013 (99.51) | | 970 (99.69) | | | Reduced | 4 (0.45) | | 2 (0.67) | | 5 (0.49) | | 3 (0.31) | | | FBS-no. (%) | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | Normal | 677 (76.15) | | 217 (72.82) | | 696 (68.37) | | 682 (70.09) | | | Elevated | 212 (23.85) | | 81 (27.18) | | 322 (31.63) | | 291 (29.91) | |
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Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; FBS: fasting blood sugar; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; GGt: γ-glutamyl transferase; WSI: Wealth score index.
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