Evaluation of Relationship between Serum Liver Enzymes and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Data from Rafsanjan Cohort Study
Table 4
Association of the serum levels of liver enzymes with abnormal blood pressure in study participants (n = 9991).
Liver enzyme
Crude model
Adjusted model 1
Adjusted model 2
Adjusted model 3
Adjusted model 4
OR (95% Ci)a
OR (95% Ci)b
OR (95% Ci)c
OR (95% Ci)d
OR (95% Ci)e
ALT
Normal
1
1
1
1
1
Elevated
1.22 (1.06–1.40)
1.65 (1.42–1.91)
1.27 (1.09–1.48)
1.23 (1.05–1.43)
1.16 (0.99–1.36)
Quartile 1
1
1
1
1
1
Quartile 2
1.38 (1.23–1.56)
1.38 (1.22–1.57)
1.11 (0.98–1.27)
1.10 (0.96–1.26)
1.07 (0.93–1.23)
Quartile 3
1.88 (1.67–2.11)
1.86 (1.64–2.11)
1.38 (1.21–1.57)
1.34 (1.18–1.53)
1.27 (1.11–1.45)
Quartile 4
2.00 (1.78–2.25)
2.22 (1.96–2.51)
1.53 (1.34–1.75)
1.47 (1.29–1.68)
1.36 (1.19–1.56)
Elevated
1.81 (1.55–2.00)
2.52 (2.13–2.97)
1.60 (1.34–1.90)
1.52 (1.27–1.81)
1.37 (1.14–1.64)
AST
Normal
1
1
1
1
1
Elevated
1.34 (1.07–1.69)
1.42 (1.11–1.82)
1.22 (0.95–1.58)
1.20 (0.93–1.56)
1.15 (0.89–1.50)
Quartile 1
1
1
1
1
1
Quartile 2
1.16 (1.03–1.30)
1.14 (1.01–1.29)
1.11 (0.98–1.26)
1.19 (1.05–1.36)
1.17 (1.03–1.33)
Quartile 3
1.37 (1.23–1.53)
1.31 (1.16–1.47)
1.22 (1.08–1.38)
1.30 (1.15–1.47)
1.25 (1.11–1.42)
Quartile 4
1.52 (1.36–1.71)
1.56 (1.38–1.76)
1.35 (1.19–1.53)
1.44 (1.26–1.63)
1.36 (1.19–1.55)
Elevated
1.65 (1.30–2.10)
1.73 (1.34–2.24)
1.42 (1.09–1.85)
1.46 (1.11–1.91)
1.37 (1.04–1.80)
GGT
Normal
1
1
1
1
1
Elevated
1.49 (1.31–1.70)
1.40 (1.22–1.61)
1.23 (1.07–1.42)
1.19 (1.03–1.38)
1.12 (0.96–1.30)
Quartile 1
1
1
1
1
1
Quartile 2
1.73 (1.55–1.95)
1.65 (1.45–1.87)
1.36 (1.19–1.56)
1.31 (1.14–1.50)
1.25 (1.01–1.43)
Quartile 3
2.00 (1.77–2.26)
1.91 (1.68–2.17)
1.46 (1.27–1.67)
1.40 (1.22–1.61)
1.31 (1.14–1.50)
Quartile 4
2.20 (1.95–2.40)
2.17 (1.91–2.46)
1.54 (1.34–1.76)
1.14 (1.23–1.62)
1.27 (1.10–1.46)
Elevated
2.46 (2.12–2.85)
2.24 (1.91–2.63)
1.64 (1.39–1.94)
1.52 (1.29–1.81)
1.34 (1.12–1.60)
ALP
Normal
1
1
1
1
1
Elevated
1.64 (1.44–1.88)
1.36 (1.19–1.57)
1.41 (1.22–1.64)
1.40 (1.20–1.62)
1.34 (1.16–1.56)
Quartile 1
1
1
1
1
1
Quartile 2
1.31 (1.16–1.48)
1.19 (1.05–1.35)
1.12 (0.98–1.28)
1.13 (0.99–1.29)
1.11 (0.97–1.27)
Quartile 3
1.60 (1.42–1.81)
1.33 (1.17–1.51)
1.18 (1.03–1.35)
1.18 (1.03–1.35)
1.14 (1.00–1.31)
Quartile 4
1.92 (1.70–2.17)
1.51 (1.33–1.72)
1.39 (1.20–1.58)
1.36 (1.18–1.56)
1.29 (1.12–1.48)
Elevated
2.33 (2.00–2.72)
1.71 (1.46–2.02)
1.66 (1.40–1.97)
1.63 (1.37–1.94)
1.53 (1.29–1.83)
aThe baseline model is stratified on the status of serum levels of liver enzymes. bAdjusted model 1 is adjusted for confounding variables age (continuous variable), gender (male/female), education years (continuous variable), and wealth status index. CAdjusted model 2 has additional adjustment for confounding the variables related to lifestyle (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and opium consumption), body mass index (continuous variable), and physical activity level (continuous variable). dAdjusted model 3 has additional adjustment for diabetes (yes/no), family history of hypertension in first-degree relatives (yes/no), and family history of hypertension in second-degree relatives (yes/no). eAdjusted model 4 has additional adjustment for triglycerides (continuous variable), LDL cholesterol (continuous variable), HDL cholesterol (continuous variable), hepatotoxic drugs (yes/no), and fatty liver (yes/no). Abnormal blood pressure was defined as SBP ≥120 mmHg or DBP ≥80 mmHg or taking antihypertensive drugs.
