International Journal of Hypertension

Research Article

Evaluation of Relationship between Serum Liver Enzymes and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Data from Rafsanjan Cohort Study

Table 5

Association of the serum levels of liver enzymes with elevated blood pressure, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension in study participants (n = 9991).


Liver enzyme	Elevated blood pressure		Stage 1 hypertension		Stage 2 hypertension
Liver enzyme	Crude model	Adjusted model	Crude model	Adjusted model	Crude model	Adjusted model

ALT
Normal	1	1	1	1	1	1
Elevated	0.81 (0.51–1.28)	0.92 (0.57–1.51)	1.49 (1.24–1.79)	1.13 (0.93–1.37)	1.11 (0.94–1.31)	1.19 (0.98–1.45)
AST
Normal	1	1	1	1	1	1
Elevated	1.03 (0.50–2.12)	0.96 (0.44–2.10)	1.32 (0.96–1.83)	1.11 (0.79–1.56)	1.39 (1.07–1.82)	1.21 (0.88–1.66)
GGT
Normal	1	1	1	1	1	1
Elevated	1.42 (0.99–2.04)	1.21 (0.82–1.77)	1.34 (1.12–1.62)	1.11 (0.91–1.34)	1.60 (1.37–1.85)	1.09 (0.91–1.30)
ALP
Normal	1	1	1	1	1	1
Elevated	1.42 (0.97–2.07)	1.10 (0.74–1.63)	1.38 (1.14–1.67)	1.28 (1.05–1.57)	1.84 (1.58–2.14)	1.37 (1.14–1.64)

Crude model: the baseline model is stratified on the status of serum levels of liver enzymes. Adjusted model: the adjusted model is for confounding variables age (continuous variable), gender (male/female), education years (continuous variable), wealth status index, lifestyle (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and opium consumption), body mass index (continuous variable), physical activity level (continuous variable), diabetes (yes/no), family history of hypertension in first-degree relatives (yes/no), family history of hypertension in second-degree relatives (yes/no), triglycerides (continuous variable), LDL cholesterol (continuous variable), HDL cholesterol (continuous variable), taking hepatotoxic drugs (yes/no), and fatty liver (yes/no). Subjects were grouped as having normal BP (untreated SBP <120 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg), elevated BP (untreated SBP 120–129 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg), stage 1 hypertension (untreated SBP 130–139 mmHg or DBP 80–89 mmHg), or stage 2 hypertension (SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive drugs).