International Journal of Hypertension

Research Article

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics including Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Administration of the Different Home Blood Pressure Phenotypes in Treated Hypertensive Patients

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of home blood pressure phenotypes by using a home blood pressure target of <135/85 mmHg.


Parameters	Home blood pressure phenotypes				Total	value
Parameters	Controlled hypertension	Isolated uncontrolled morning hypertension	Isolated uncontrolled evening hypertension	Combined morning-evening uncontrolled hypertension	Total	value

Number (%)	784 (55.76)	178 (12.66)	104 (7.40)	340 (24.18)	1,406 (100)	—
Age (years)	63.73 ± 12.98	63.93 ± 14.77	63.38 ± 14.95	60.47 ± 15.16^†‡	62.94 ± 13.97	0.006
Male N (%)	290 (36.99)	77 (43.26)	43 (41.35)	144 (42.35)	554 (39.40)	0.219
BMI (kg/m²)	25.13 ± 4.36	25.44 ± 3.69	25.78 ± 4.38	26.48 ± 5.16^†	25.54 ± 4.52	0.001

Comorbidities N (%)
Overweight (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²)	508 (66.41)	129 (75.00)^†	69 (69.70)	244 (74.39)^†	950 (69.65)	0.022
Diabetes mellitus	173 (22.09)	41 (23.30)	29 (27.88)	82 (24.12)	325 (23.16)	0.576
Dyslipidemia	600 (76.53)	139 (78.98)	85 (81.73)	271 (79.71)	1,095 (77.99)	0.475
Previous CVD	67 (8.56)	22 (12.50)	9 (8.65)	34 (10.00)	132 (9.41)	0.416
Chronic kidney disease	112 (14.30)	28 (15.91)	28 (26.92)^†‡	76 (22.35)^†	244 (17.39)	<0.001
Obstructive sleep apnea	45 (5.77)	13 (7.39)	9 (8.65)	34 (10.00)	101 (7.21)	0.082
Current smoking N (%)	13 (1.75)	0 (0)	1 (0.99)	9 (2.79)	23 (1.73)	0.144
Alcohol drinking N (%)	24 (3.24)	6 (3.57)	3 (2.97)	24 (7.43)^†	57 (4.28)	0.015
Numbers of antihypertensive classes	2.02 ± 1.00	2.19 ± 1.21	2.36 ± 1.17^†	2.28 ± 1.17^†	2.13 ± 1.09	0.002
Diuretics N (%)	81 (10.33)	25 (14.04)	19 (18.27)	45 (13.24)	170 (12.09)	0.070
MRA N (%)	20 (2.55)	5 (2.81)	8 (7.69)^†	21 (6.18)^†	54 (3.84)	0.004
ACEIs N (%)	118 (15.05)	25 (14.04)	13 (12.50)	54 (15.88)	210 (14.94)	0.839
ARBs N (%)	380 (48.47)	87 (48.88)	57 (54.81)	158 (46.47)	682 (48.51)	0.527
DHP-CCBs N (%)	571 (72.83)	131 (73.60)	81 (77.88)	263 (77.35)	1,046 (74.40)	0.349
Non-DHP-CCBs N (%)	46 (5.87)	10 (5.62)	6 (5.77)	25 (7.35)	87 (6.19)	0.786
BBs N (%)	233 (29.72)	57 (32.02)	27 (25.96)	94 (27.65)	411 (29.23)	0.635
Peripheral alpha-I blockers N (%)	96 (12.24)	36 (20.22)^†	27 (25.96)^†	89 (26.18)^†	248 (17.64)	<0.001
Centrally acting alpha-II agonists N (%)	17 (2.17)	3 (1.69)	4 (3.85)	12 (3.53)	36 (2.56)	0.392
Direct vasodilators N (%)	18 (2.30)	10 (5.62)	3 (2.88)	15 (4.41)	46 (3.27)	0.075

Laboratory result
FBS (mmol/l)	5.99 ± 1.19	6.05 ± 1.22	6.04 ± 1.34	6.05 ± 1.51	6.02 ± 1.29	0.787
HbA1C (%)	6.01 ± 0.78	6.08 ± 0.83	6.16 ± 0.88	6.07 ± 1.00	6.05 ± 0.85	0.148
Cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.71 ± 0.93	4.88 ± 1.10	4.67 ± 0.97	4.89 ± 1.11	4.77 ± 1.00	0.069
Triglyceride (mmol/l)	1.28 ± 0.59	1.42 ± 0.69	1.51 ± 0.72^†	1.49 ± 0.78^†	1.37 ± 0.67	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.54 ± 0.45	1.49 ± 0.40	1.42 ± 0.38	1.46 ± 0.52^†	1.51 ± 0.46	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/l)	2.62 ± 0.84	2.77 ± 0.99	2.61 ± 0.83	2.77 ± 0.91	2.68 ± 0.88	0.050
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	80.46 ± 21.29	77.49 ± 22.43	75.84 ± 24.88	76.68 ± 27.48	78.82 ± 23.40	0.077
Presence of albuminuria N (%)	132 (21.19)	31 (23.85)	26 (31.33)^†	107 (37.41)^†‡	296 (26.38)	<0.001

Office BP
Average office SBP (mmHg)	138.89 ± 15.44	145.27 ± 13.87^†	143.96 ± 14.98^†	147.89 ± 16.23^†	142.25 ± 15.89	<0.001
Average office DBP (mmHg)	76.20 ± 10.71	80.99 ± 12.55^†	79.41 ± 12.18	82.93 ± 12.79^†	78.67 ± 11.94	<0.001

Morning home BP
Average morning home SBP (mmHg)	121.55 ± 8.03	137.09 ± 8.06	127.56 ± 6.39	141.35 ± 11.29	128.75 ± 12.41	<0.001
Average morning home DBP (mmHg)	72.68 ± 7.72	82.66 ± 9.28	74.76 ± 8.08	85.30 ± 10.52	77.15 ± 10.35	<0.001

Evening home BP
Average evening home SBP (mmHg)	120.36 ± 8.25	126.83 ± 7.08	137.11 ± 7.48	140.77 ± 10.70	127.35 ± 12.40	<0.001
Average evening home DBP (mmHg)	70.56 ± 7.79	75.02 ± 9.08	78.76 ± 9.52	84.27 ± 11.93	75.04 ± 10.86	<0.001

Daytime home BP
Average daytime home SBP (mmHg)	120.95 ± 7.40	131.96 ± 6.15^†	132.33 ± 6.02^†	140.04 ± 10.28^†‡	128.05 ± 11.65	<0.001
Average daytime home DBP (mmHg)	71.62 ± 7.46	78.84 ± 8.62^†	76.76 ± 8.28^†	84.79 ± 10.44^†‡	76.10 ± 10.11	<0.001

BMI, body mass index; kg/m², kilogram/meter²; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin-II receptor blockers; DHP-CCBs, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; non-DHP-CCBs, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; BBs, beta-blockers; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; mg/g, a milligram of albuminuria/gram of urine creatinine; BP, blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; mmHg, millimeter of mercury. value for comparing parameters of all home blood pressure phenotypes. included a previous history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke. ^† value <0.05 for comparing to controlled hypertension. ^‡ value <0.05 for comparing to isolated uncontrolled morning hypertension. value <0.05 for comparing to isolated uncontrolled evening hypertension.