Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics including Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Administration of the Different Home Blood Pressure Phenotypes in Treated Hypertensive Patients

Table 5

Univariable analysis for the association of clinical factors and home blood pressure phenotypes (home blood pressure target of <135/85 mmHg).

Clinical factors	Isolated uncontrolled morning hypertension OR (95% CI)	value	Isolated uncontrolled evening hypertension OR (95% CI)	value	Combined morning-evening uncontrolled hypertension OR (95% CI)	value
Age	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.860	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.806	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	<0.001
Male	1.30 (0.93–1.81)	0.121	1.20 (0.79–1.82)	0.389	1.25 (0.97–1.62)	0.090
Overweight	1.52 (1.04–2.21)	0.030	1.16 (0.74–1.83)	0.513	1.47 (1.10–1.96)	0.009
Diabetes mellitus	1.07 (0.73–1.58)	0.730	1.36 (0.86–2.16)	0.187	1.12 (0.83–1.51)	0.457
Dyslipidemia	1.15 (0.77–1.72)	0.486	1.37 (0.81–2.32)	0.237	1.20 (0.88–1.64)	0.242
Previous CVD^†	1.53 (0.91–2.55)	0.105	1.01 (0.49–2.10)	0.974	1.19 (0.77–1.83)	0.438
Obstructive sleep apnea	1.30 (0.69–2.47)	0.418	1.55 (0.73–3.27)	0.252	1.81 (1.14–2.89)	0.012
Alcohol drinking	1.11 (0.45–2.75)	0.828	0.91 (0.27–3.09)	0.886	2.40 (1.34–4.29)	0.003
Numbers of antihypertensive classes	1.16 (1.00–1.35)	0.045	1.32 (1.10–1.57)	0.002	1.25 (1.11–1.40)	<0.001
Use of diuretics	1.42 (0.88–2.29)	0.155	1.94 (1.12–3.36)	0.018	1.32 (0.90–1.95)	0.157
Use of MRA	1.10 (0.41–2.98)	0.845	3.18 (1.36–7.43)	0.007	2.51 (1.34–4.70)	0.004
Use of RAAS inhibitors	1.00 (0.71–1.40)	0.993	1.18 (0.77–1.83)	0.450	0.95 (0.73–1.24)	0.709
Use of CCBs	1.01 (0.69–1.48)	0.971	1.39 (0.82–2.35)	0.216	1.42 (1.03–1.96)	0.032
Use of BBs	1.11 (0.78–1.58)	0.546	0.83 (0.52–1.32)	0.429	0.90 (0.68–1.20)	0.482
Use of peripheral alpha-I blockers	1.82 (1.19–2.77)	0.006	2.51 (1.54–4.09)	<0.001	2.54 (1.84–3.51)	<0.001
Use of other classes of antihypertensive medications	1.95 (0.97–3.92)	0.060	1.36 (0.51–3.61)	0.533	2.14 (1.23–3.73)	0.007
Timing of drug administration
Only morning administration	Reference		Reference		Reference
Only evening administration	2.13 (1.32–3.45)	0.002	1.31 (0.67–2.55)	0.424	2.61 (1.78–3.82)	<0.001
Both morning and evening administration	2.16 (1.50–3.11)	<0.001	1.96 (1.26–3.05)	0.003	2.65 (1.98–3.54)	<0.001
Evening to 24 hours dose ratio	2.83 (1.82–4.42)	<0.001	1.82 (1.03–3.21)	0.041	3.38 (2.37–4.80)	<0.001
Use of at least 1 long-acting antihypertensive drug administration each time
Only morning administration of short-acting drugs	Reference		Reference		Reference
Only morning administration of long-acting drugs	1.04 (0.47–2.32)	0.915	0.63 (0.28–1.45)	0.281	1.07 (0.56–2.05)	0.836
Only evening administration of short-acting drugs	3.56 (1.32–9.64)	0.012	0.55 (0.11–2.76)	0.466	2.19 (0.89–5.38)	0.087
Only evening administration of long-acting drugs	1.76 (0.72–4.30)	0.216	1.02 (0.38–2.69)	0.972	2.96 (1.47–5.95)	0.002
Both morning and evening administration of short-acting drugs	0.79 (0.15–4.07)	0.780	0.79 (0.15–4.07)	0.780	1.22 (0.38–3.88)	0.739
Both morning and evening administration of long-acting drugs	2.35 (1.08–5.12)	0.032	1.38 (0.62–3.07)	0.429	2.92 (1.55–5.50)	0.001
FBS	1.04 (0.92–1.18)	0.549	1.03 (0.88–1.21)	0.681	1.04 (0.94–1.15)	0.466
LDL-C	1.22 (1.01–1.47)	0.039	0.99 (0.77–1.26)	0.914	1.21 (1.04–1.40)	0.012
eGFR	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.126	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.057	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.013
Presence of albuminuria	1.16 (0.75–1.82)	0.504	1.70 (1.03–2.80)	0.039	2.22 (1.64–3.02)	<0.001

BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; BBs, beta-blockers; FBS, fasting blood sugar; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. compared with the controlled hypertensive group. ^†included previous history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke.