Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics including Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Administration of the Different Home Blood Pressure Phenotypes in Treated Hypertensive Patients

Table 6

Multivariable analysis for the association of clinical factors and home blood pressure phenotypes (home blood pressure target of <135/85 mmHg).

Clinical factors	Isolated uncontrolled morning hypertension adjusted OR (95% CI)	value	Isolated uncontrolled evening hypertension adjusted OR (95% CI)	value	Combined morning-evening uncontrolled hypertension adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
Age	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	0.474	0.98 (0.95–1.02)	0.325	0.99 (0.95–1.02)	0.464
Male	1.00 (0.54–1.85)	0.987	0.86 (0.44–1.70)	0.668	0.65 (0.31–1.37)	0.255
Overweight	0.82 (0.43–1.57)	0.550	0.69 (0.33–1.42)	0.315	0.71 (0.32–1.57)	0.400
Diabetes mellitus	1.18 (0.49–2.82)	0.710	2.13 (0.86–5.29)	0.104	1.67 (0.59–4.76)	0.334
Dyslipidemia	0.76 (0.36–1.59)	0.463	1.17 (0.49–2.80)	0.718	0.62 (0.26–1.49)	0.286
Previous CVD^†	5.54 (2.02–15.22)	0.001	0.87 (0.23–3.38)	0.845	2.39 (0.66–8.64)	0.183
Obstructive sleep apnea	0.71 (0.26–1.99)	0.517	1.45 (0.52–4.08)	0.478	1.34 (0.43–4.12)	0.613
Alcohol drinking	0.41 (0.10–1.65)	0.210	0.48 (0.10–2.28)	0.353	0.79 (0.19–3.24)	0.740
Numbers of antihypertensive classes	1.19 (0.26–5.43)	0.818	1.43 (0.30–6.78)	0.653	1.16 (0.19–7.23)	0.872
Use of diuretics	4.75 (0.83–27.30)	0.081	2.71 (0.45–16.23)	0.274	4.76 (0.58–39.07)	0.147
Use of MRA	0.19 (0.02–2.00)	0.166	1.04 (0.12–9.20)	0.972	0.80 (0.06–11.69)	0.873
Use of RAAS inhibitors	0.64 (0.12–3.36)	0.601	1.14 (0.20–6.50)	0.881	0.91 (0.12–6.57)	0.922
Use of CCBs	0.54 (0.10–2.94)	0.475	0.87 (0.14–5.21)	0.877	1.05 (0.13–8.24)	0.960
Use of BBs	0.55 (0.11–2.70)	0.463	0.31 (0.06–1.61)	0.164	0.31 (0.04–2.17)	0.236
Use of peripheral alpha-I blockers	0.35 (0.06–2.15)	0.258	1.31 (0.20–8.71)	0.778	0.83 (0.10–6.86)	0.866
Use of other classes of antihypertensive medications	2.63 (0.26–26.22)	0.409	1.14 (0.08–15.53)	0.923	1.54 (0.08–28.72)	0.774
Timing of drug administration
Only morning administration	Reference		Reference		Reference
Only evening administration	0.60 (0.03–13.72)	0.749	1.32 (0.04–39.18)	0.872	1.06 (0.03–43.10)	0.973
Both morning and evening administration	1.06 (0.21–5.45)	0.945	1.09 (0.19–6.31)	0.924	1.41 (0.20–9.98)	0.730
Use of at least 1 long-acting antihypertensive drug administration each time
Only morning administration of short-acting drugs	Reference		Reference		Reference
Only morning administration of long-acting drugs	0.95 (0.22–4.14)	0.942	0.20 (0.05–0.82)	0.025	0.20 (0.04–1.00)	0.049
Only evening administration of short-acting drugs	0.94 (0.03–28.90)	0.973	0.48 (0.01–21.96)	0.708	0.32 (0.01–19.18)	0.586
Only evening administration of long-acting drugs	0.31 (0.01–9.41)	0.500	0.30 (0.01–11.24)	0.515	0.23 (0.00–12.36)	0.471
Both morning and evening administration of short-acting drugs	0.13 (0.01–3.27)	0.216	0.29 (0.01–6.30)	0.434	0.15 (0.00–5.24)	0.299
Both morning and evening administration of long-acting drugs	1.03 (0.12–8.94)	0.982	0.25 (0.03–2.28)	0.220	0.33 (0.03–3.92)	0.383
Evening to 24 hours dose ratio	4.42 (0.20–96.56)	0.344	0.95 (0.03–26.81)	0.977	2.06 (0.05–78.38)	0.697
FBS	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.734	0.99 (0.97–1.01)	0.306	0.99 (0.97–1.01)	0.365
LDL-C	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.442	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.554	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.203
eGFR	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.937	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.871	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.828
Presence of albuminuria	1.13 (0.55–2.30)	0.737	1.30 (0.61–2.79)	0.499	1.59 (0.70–3.60)	0.269

BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; BBs, beta-blockers; FBS, fasting blood sugar; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. compared with the controlled hypertensive group and adjusted by both average office and daytime home BPs. †included previous history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke.