Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension among Women in Southern Ghana: Evidence from 2014 GDHS
Table 3
Multivariate logistic regression.
Variables
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Individual variables
Age (years)
15–19 years
Ref
Ref
20–24 years
1.28 [0.83–1.99]
1.31 [0.84–2.06]
25–29 years
2.09 [1.34–3.25]
2.22 [1.40–3.51]
30–34 years
3.12 [1.97–4.94]
3.29 [2.03–5.34]
35–39 years
5.41 [3.40–8.61]
5.67 [3.47–9.26]
40–44 years
7.56 [4.71–12.12]
8.04 [4.88–13.25]
45–49 years
12.33 [7.64–19.89]
13.20 [7.96–21.89]
Level of education
No education
Ref
Ref
Primary
1.01 [0.78–1.31]
0.97 [0.75–1.27]
Secondary
0.96 [0.77–1.22]
0.94 [0.73–1.19]
Higher
1.17 [0.81–1.71]
1.06 [0.68–1.64]
Wealth index
Poorest
Ref
Ref
Poorer
0.98 [0.69–1.39]
0.96 [0.67–1.37]
Middle
1.23 [0.87–1.74]
1.09 [0.75–1.58]
Richer
1.34 [0.94–1.90]
1.05 [0.69–1.59]
Richest
1.92 [1.34–2.75]
1.39 [0.89–2.17]
Parity
Zero birth
Ref
Ref
One birth
1.14 [0.82–1.62]
1.16 [0.82–1.63]
Two births
1.44 [1.01–2.06]
1.45 [1.01–2.07]
Three births
1.47 [1.01–1.14]
1.47 [1.01–2.15]
Four births or more
1.29 [0.89–1.86]
1.31 [0.91–1.89]
Marital status
Single
Ref
Ref
Married
0.97 [0.7–1.35]
0.99 [0.72–1.38]
Living with partner
0.93 [0.65–1.32]
0.95 [0.67–1.35]
Widowed
1.10 [0.68–1.79]
1.11 [0.68–1.81]
Separated
1.16 [0.81–1.69]
1.17 [0.81–1.70]
Salted fish in the last 24 hrs
No
Ref
Ref
Yes
1.02 [0.87–1.19]
1.06 [0.90–1.24]
Community variables
Region
Western
Ref
Ref
Central
0.93 [0.72–1.21]
0.87 [0.66–1.15]
Greater accra
1.43 [1.09–1.86]
1.35 [1.02–1.79]
Volta
1.28 [0.91–1.81]
1.12 [0.78–1.62]
Eastern
0.96 [0.73–1.25]
0.89 [0.67–1.19]
Ashanti
1.19 [0.93–1.53]
1.13 [0.87–1.47]
Ethnicity
Akan
Ref
Ref
Ga/Dangme
0.94 [0.71–1.25]
0.87 [0.65–1.17]
Ewe
0.98 [0.76–1.27]
1.04 [0.79–1.36]
Guan
0.61 [0.34–1.09]
0.54 [0.29–0.98]
Mole-dagbani
0.69 [0.48–1.02]
0.89 [0.59–1.34]
Grusi
0.69 [0.37–1.32]
0.78 [0.40–1.52]
Gurma
0.53 [0.29–0.94]
0.67 [0.36–1.23]
Mande
1.09 [0.39–3.08]
1.39 [0.46–4.22]
Others
0.63 [0.35–1.12]
0.75 [0.41–1.37]
Religion
Islam
Ref
Ref
Christian
0.78 [0.56–1.09]
0.83 [0.58–1.18]
Others
0.94 [0.59–1.52]
0.82 [0.49–1.36]
Place of residence
Urban
Ref
Ref
Rural
0.77 [0.65–0.92]
0.93 [0.75–1.15]
Occupation
Unemployed
Ref
Ref
Professional/clerical
2.17 [1.59–2.95]
1.06 [0.72–1.57]
Sales/services
2.36 [1.91–2.93]
0.94 [0.73–1.21]
Agricultural worker
2.36 [1.79–3.13]
0.72 [0.52–0.99]
Manual worker
1.72 [1.29–2.29]
0.76 [0.55–1.03]
Random effect result
-value
0.001
0.001
0.001
BIC
4544.841
4983.376
4687.386
AIC
4392.086
4843.904
4401.800
Computed from 2014 Ghana demographic and health survey; Ref reference category; BIC Bayesian information criterion; AIC Akaike information criterion ;;.
