Evaluation of Arterial Stiffness and Its Relation to Innovative Anthropometric Indices in Persian Adults
Table 1
Characteristics of participants according to BMI.
Variable
Men = 2812n
Women = 3109n
Under weight = 26
Normal = 883
Over weight = 1447
Obesity = 456
Total = 2812
value
Under Weight = 21
Normal = 1057
Over weight = 1439
Obesity = 592
Total = 3109
value
Age (years)
46.3 ± 13.6
46.9 ± 11.2
46.9 ± 10.5
47.6 ± 9.9
47.3 ± 10.67
<0.001
40.5 ± 9.6
41.1 ± 8.3
44.6 ± 8.9
46.7 ± 9.7
43.66 ± 9.14
<0.001
Education (years)
Low (<9 y)
5 (0.2%)
72 (1.7%)
113 (4%)
35 (1.2%)
225 (8%)
0.14
1 (0.1%)
15 (0.5%)
40 (1.3%)
40 (1.3%)
96 (3.1%)
<0.001
Middle (9–12 y)
3 (0.1%)
233 (8.3%)
374 (13.3%)
120 (4.3%)
730 (26%)
2 (0.1%)
158 (5%)
317 (10.2%)
185 (6%)
662 (21.3%)
High (>12)
18 (0.6%)
578 (20.5%)
960 (34.1%)
301 (10.7%)
1857 (66%)
18 (0.7%)
884 (28.1%)
1082 (34.9%)
367 (11.8%)
2351 (75.6%)
Marital status n%
Single
3 (0.1%)
34 (1.2%)
37 (1.3%)
8 (0.3%)
82 (2.9%)
0.06
8 (0.3%)
219 (7.0%)
147 (4.7%)
36 (1.2%)
410 (13.2)
<0.001
Married
22 (0.8%)
834 (29.7%)
1381 (49.1%)
443 (15.8%)
2680 (95.3%
10 (0.3%)
765 (24.6%)
1165 (37.5%)
485 (15.6%)
2425 (78%)
Widowed
1 (0.01%)
8 (0.3%)
11 (0.4%)
1 (0.01%)
21 (0.7%)
0
16 (0.5%)
47 (1.5%)
28 (0.9%)
91 (2.9%)
Divorced
0
7 (0.2%)
18 (0.6%)
4 (0.1%)
29 (1.1%)
3 (0.1%)
57 (1.8%)
80 (2.6%)
43 (1.4%)
183 (5.9%)
Physical activity (mets n%)
Low (<3.0 METs)
0
8 (0.3%)
13 (0.5%)
6 (0.3%)
27 (1%)
0.54
1 (0.01%)
8 (0.3%)
14 (0.5%)
4 (0.1%)
27 (0.9%)
0.27
Intermediate (3.0–5.9 METs)
23 (0.8%)
792 (28.5%)
1310 (47.1%)
423 (15.2%)
2548 (91.7%
18 (0.6%)
944 (30.9%)
1298 (42.4%)
519 (17%)
2779 (90.8%)
High (≥6.0 METs)
2 (0.1%)
73 (2.6%)
106 (3.8%)
24 (0.9)
205 (7.4%)
2 (0.01%)
80 (2.6%)
112 (3.7%)
59 (1.9%)
253 (8.3%)
Smoking (n, %)
Never
24 (0.9%)
794 (28.5%)
1274 (48.7%)
401 (14.4%)
2493 (89.5%
0.87
21 (0.7%)
1040 (33.8%)
1417 (46%)
574 (18.6%)
3052 (99.1%)
0.87
Former
0
6 (0.2%)
7 (0.3%)
3 (0.1%)
16 (0.6%)
0
1 (0.1%)
0
0
1
Current
2 (0.1%)
78 (2.8%)
150 (5.4%)
48 (1.7%)
278 (10.1%)
0
5 (0.2%)
11 (0.4%)
11 (0.4%)
27 (0.9)
Hypertension (n, %)
0
62 (2.2%)
112 (4%)
42 (1.5%)
216 (7.7%)
0.001
0
40 (3.8%)
156 (10.9%)
127 (21.5%)
323
<0.001
Diabetes (n, %)
0
72 (2.6%)
207 (7.4%)
97 (3.5%)
376 (13.4%)
0.23
0
23 (0.7%)
64 (2.1%)
60 (1.9%)
147 (4.7%)
<0.001
SBP (mm Hg)
104.2 ± 12.2
108.1 ± 12.2
113.6 ± 14.5
118.8 ± 14.9
112 ± 14.6
<0.001
94.16 ± 12.1
97.7 ± 12.3
101.8 ± 13.6
107.45 ± 14
101 ± 13.8
<0.001
DBP (mm Hg)
64.5 ± 6.3
68.9 ± 8.3
72.7 ± 9.2
77.1 ± 9.60
72 ± 9.4
<0.001
62.4 ± 7.2
64.2 ± 7.5
66.7 ± 8.48
69.3 ± 8.8
66.2 ± 8.3
<0.001
MAP (mm Hg)
80.3 ± 6.9
86.32 ± 9.2
90.1 ± 10.1
94.7 ± 11.2
89.1 ± 11.6
<0.001
80.4 ± 7.1
83.5 ± 9.3
86.6 ± 9.9
91.1 ± 10.4
85.7 ± 10.1
<0.001
HR (bpm)
64.2 ± 11.8
65.2 ± 9.5
66.1 ± 9.3
68.4 ± 9.9
65.06 ± 9.3
<0.001
68.1 ± 5.9
68.6 ± 9.02
68.83 ± 9.08
69.8 ± 10.1
68.8 ± 9.2
0.24
Cf-PWV (cm/s)
6.05 ± 0.8
7.24 ± 1.47
7.70 ± 1.58
8.16 ± 1.72
7.5 ± 1.6
<0.001
5.93 ± 1.04
6.24 ± 1.22
6.78 ± 1.45
7.40 ± 1.73
6.6 ± 1.5
<0.001
TC (mg/dl)
161.8 ± 34.6
177 ± 35.7
181.4 ± 36.5
185.27 ± 39.6
180 ± 37.7
<0.001
171 ± 34.78
172.6 ± 36.1
181 ± 36.65
186.3 ± 37.15
178.2 ± 36.8
<0.001
TG (mg/dl)
80.8 ± 34.8
119.06 ± 70.8
152.4 ± 85.8
161.1 ± 83.4
142.5 ± 82.7
<0.001
74.8 ± 38.4
88.1 ± 48.05
108.55 ± 55.9
129.7 ± 66.27
104.6 ± 56.5
<0.001
LDL-C (mg/dl)
89.05 ± 25.1
99.1 ± 30.9
100.7 ± 32.7
102.42 ± 34.6
99.7 ± 31.2
<0.001
84.67 ± 29.7
92.5 ± 29.2
99.43 ± 30.45
102.6 ± 31.8
91.3 ± 30.4
<0.001
HDL-C (mg/dl)
56.8 ± 12.2
54.5 ± 12.16
50.6 ± 10.6
51.4 ± 10.8
52.2 ± 11.5
<0.001
71.94 ± 13.2
62.9 ± 13.7
60.24 ± 13.07
58.1 ± 12.4
60.4 ± 13.5
<0.001
ALT (U/L)
17.3 ± 6.4
25.6 ± 11.2
31.2 ± 13.7
35.2 ± 14.9
33.9 ± 8.6
<0.001
15.8 ± 4.3
18.4 ± 8.9
20.9 ± 9.9
23.8 ± 11.3
19.8 ± 7.1
<0.001
AST (U/L)
23.4 ± 13.7
22.1 ± 7.03
23.7 ± 7.8
25.68 ± 9.6
30.5 ± 14.2
<0.001
19.6 ± 4.3
18.9 ± 5.7
19.7 ± 7.2
21.4 ± 8.25
20.6 ± 10.1
<0.001
GGT (U/L)
22.7 ± 10.3
28.5 ± 20.5
32.5 ± 17.7
36.03 ± 15.1
31.2 ± 18.2
<0.001
18.17 ± 6.9
19.4 ± 13.6
22.7 ± 15.8
26.4 ± 21.07
22.2 ± 16.3
<0.001
BUN (mg/dl)
30.3 ± 4.7
32.6 ± 7.6
32.6 ± 7.6
32.4 ± 6.8
32.7 ± 7.6
0.563
28.8 ± 6.2
29.9 ± 6.6
27.6 ± 6.7
28.3 ± 6.9
27.7 ± 6.8
<0.001
Cr (mg/dl)
1.20 ± 0.18
1.22 ± 0.21
1.26 ± 0.23
1.2 ± 0.24
1.26 ± 0.22
<0.001
0.98 ± 0.15
0.96 ± 0.16
0.98 ± 0.1
1.01 ± 0.2
1 ± 0.18
<0.001
FBS (mg/dl)
91.4 ± 15.5
98.9 ± 26.4
102.5 ± 26.4
105.6 ± 27.1
101.4 ± 26.3
<0.001
88.8 ± 11.5
89.7 ± 17.9
93.9 ± 19.4
101.5 ± 27.8
91 ± 21.8
<0.001
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity; MAP, mean arterial pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides. Data are presented as mean values and standard deviations or absolute and relative frequencies. values derived from ANOVA for the normally distributed variables, and chi-square test for the categorical variables. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
