Review Article
Comorbidity of Anxiety and Hypertension: Common Risk Factors and Potential Mechanisms
Table 1
The common risk factors for comorbid hypertension and anxiety.
| Risk factors | The effects on hypertension | The effects on anxiety | Reference |
| Age | Endothelial dysfunction | Reduced 5-HT specific receptors | [19–22] |
| Sex | Drop in estrogen | Drop in estrogen | [23–25] |
| Smoking | Increased sympathetic activity | Nicotine-based withdrawal symptoms, perceived and objective health impairment | [26–29] | Oxidative stress |
| Alcohol abuse | Increased sympathetic activity | Abnormal brain function | [30–32] | Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| Obesity | Abnormal kidney function; | Senescent cells | [33, 34] | Increase in tubular sodium reabsorption |
| Lead | Increased sympathetic activity | Neuroinflammation | [35, 36] |
| Traffic noise | Intensive oxidative stress | Excessive stress hormone release | [37, 38] |
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