Lipid Horizons: Recent Advances and Future Prospects in LBDDS for Oral Administration of Antihypertensive Agents

Table 1

Antihypertensive agents having poor bioavailability (<50%).

S. no.	Drugs	Therapeutic dose (mg)	Bioavailability (%)	Frequency of administration (times/day)	Drug metabolism	Route	Half-life (T1/2) (hrs)	Adverse effect	Ref. no.
1	Felodipine	2.5–10	15	1	Hepatic	Oral	25	Headache, flush, dizziness, and so on	[20]
2	Isradipine	2.5–10	15–24	1	Hepatic	Oral	8	Headache, dizziness, and edema	[21, 22]
3	Lercanidipine	10–20	10	1	Cyp3a4 hepatic	Oral	8–10	Headache, tachycardia, palpitation, flushing, edema, and so on	[23]
4	Nifedipine	30–120	45–68	1-2	Cyp3a4 hepatic	Oral	2	Headache, flushing, constipation, tiredness, swollen ankle, and so on	[24]
5	Nicardipine	60–120	35	1-2	Liver	Oral	8.6	Headache, flush, dizziness, muscle cramps, tiredness, and so on	[25]
6	Nimodipine	30	13	1	Hepatic	Oral	7–9	Fainting, serve abdominal pain, stomach bloating, and so on	[26]
7	Nisoldipine	10–40	5	1-2	Cytp450 liver	Oral	7–12	Headache, dizziness, pharyngitis, peripheral edema and so on	[27]
8	Verapamil	120–480	20–30	1-2	Liver	Oral	2.8–7.4	Dizziness, bradycardia, constipation, stomach upset, and so on	[28]
9	Diltiazem	180–480	40	1-2	Hepatic	Oral	3–4.5	Swollen head, ankles, feet, headache, dizziness, tiredness, and so on	[29]
10	Lisinopril	10–40	Approx 25	1	None	Oral	12	Cough, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, itching, and blurred vision	[30]
11	Perindopril	4–16	24	1	Hepatic	Oral	1–17	Cough, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, itching, and blurred vision	[31]
12	Benazepril	20–40	37	1	Liver	Oral	10-11	Chest pain, tiredness, weakness, itching, bloating and swelling of the face, and so on	[32]
13	Ramipril	2.5–20	28	1	Hepatic	Oral	2–4	Cough, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, itching, blurred vision, and so on	[33]
14	Enalapril	5–40	40–60	1-2	None	Oral	11–14	Cough, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, itching, and blurred vision	[34]
15	Trandolapril	1–4	40–60	1	Hepatic	Oral	0.7	Appetite lose, nausea, swelling of face, fingers or lower legs, tiredness, and weakness	[35]
16	Fosinopril	10–40	36	1	Liver	Oral	12	Cough, stuffy and runny headache, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and itching	[36]
17	Candesartan	8–32	15	1	Intestine wall & hepatic	Oral	9	Sore throat, cough, back, stomach and joint pain, diarrhea, headache, and so on	[37]
18	Eprosartan	400–800	13.10	1	Intestine wall & hepatic	Oral	5–9	Stuffy and runny nose, sore throat, diarrhea, joint and stomach pain, tiredness, and so on	[38]
19	Losartan	50–100	25–35	1-2	Hepatic	Oral	1.5–2.5	Difficulty breathing, blurred vision, tachycardia, numbness in hands, lips and feet, weakness, and heaviness of the legs	[39]
20	Olmesartan	2.5–160	26	1	Hepatic	Oral	15	UTI, swollen ankles, legs, or feet, headache, dizziness, flu like symptoms, nausea, indigestion, and so on	[40]
21	Valsartan	80–320	25	1	Nil	Oral	6	Dizziness, diarrhea, hypotension, back and joint pain, tiredness, bradycardia, and so on	[41]
22	Atenolol	25–100	50	1-2	Liver	Oral	6–9	Hypotension, bradycardia, dizziness, depression, nausea, and so on	[42]
23	Acebutanol	20–1200	40	1	Hepatic	Oral	3-4	Bradycardia, tiredness, dizziness, headache, indigestion, muscle pain, and so on	[43]
24	Nadolol	20–240	30	1	Hepatic	Oral	14–24	Chest pain, blurred vision, fatigue, breathing irregularity, headache, paleness, and so on	[44]
25	Nebivolol	2.5–10	12–98	1	Hepatic	Oral	11–40	Chest pain, headache, dizziness, bradycardia, tingling in feet and hands, weight gain or loss, and so on	[45]
26	Propranolol	40–240	26	2-3	Hepatic	Oral	2–4	Tiredness, dizziness, bradycardia, colds toes and fingers, sickness, nightmares, and so on	[46]
27	Carvedilol	12.5–50	25–35	1-2	Liver	Oral	7–10	Headache, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and so on	[47, 48]
28	Labetalol	200–1200	25	1-2	Hepatic	Oral	1.7–6.1	Tingling skin, scalp, lightheadedness, tiredness, indigestion, stuffy nose, and so on	[49]
29	Hydralazine	25–50	26–50	1–3	Hepatic	Oral	2–8	Anorexia, headache, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, diarrhea, dizziness, and so on	[50]
30	Prazosin	0.5–20	55–82	2-3	Liver	Oral	1–3	Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, weakness, palpitations and nausea, and so on	[51]
31	Doxazosin	0.5–16	62–69	1	Hepatic	Oral	16–22	Vertigo, headache, swollen ankles, feet, fingers, abdominal pain, and so on	[52]
32	Furosemide	20–480	60–65	2-3	Hepatic	Oral	4	Nausea and vomiting, constipation and stomach cramping, vertigo, blurred vision, headache, and so on	[53]
33	Amiloride	10–40	15–20	1	Hepatic	Oral	6–9	Headache, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, abdominal pain, dizziness, and diarrhea	[54]
34	Methyldopa	500–2250	25	2-3	Liver	Oral	1.5–2	Drowsiness, headache, weakness, dizziness, fainting, and nausea and vomiting	[55]