The Interstitial Lymphatic Peritoneal Mesothelium Axis in Portal Hypertensive Ascites: When in Danger, Go Back to the Sea

Table 1

Splanchnic inflammatory phenotypes in the portal hypertensive syndrome.

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(1) Ischemia-reperfusion phenotype

 (i) Hyperdynamic blood circulation

 (ii) Oxidative and nitrosative stress

 (iii) Interstitial edema

 (iv) Hyperdynamic lymphatic circulation

(2) Leukocytic phenotype

 (i) Lymphatic immune dysfunction

 (ii) Cell and bacterial interstitial translocation and activation

 (iii) Interstitial enzymatic stress

 (iv) Mesenteric adenitis

 (v) Acute phase response

(3) Angiogenic phenotype

 (i) Stromal remodeling

  (a) Angiogenesis

  (b) Lymphangiogenesis

  (c) Fibrosis

 (ii) Parenchymal remodeling

  (a) Villous/crypt ratio decrease

  (b) Goblet cell hyperplasia

  (c) Hepatocytic steatosis

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