Serum Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Painful Knee Osteoarthritis and Sensitization

Table 2

Pressure pain threshold (PPT) values from the assessed structures.

	Group
Variable	Healthy control			Knee OA			Mean difference	CI (95%)			Cohen’s
	Mean	SD		Mean	SD			Lower	Upper
Vastus M	6.00	2.08	48	3.30	1.81	53	2.70	1.93	3.47	<0.001	1.38
Adductor L	4.97	2.20	48	2.73	1.44	53	2.24	1.51	2.97	<0.001	1.21
Rectus fem	7.44	2.29	48	4.19	2.18	53	3.25	2.37	4.13	<0.001	1.45
Vastus L	6.13	2.09	48	3.47	2.10	53	2.66	1.83	3.49	<0.001	1.27
Tibialis ant	7.43	2.53	48	4.04	2.10	53	3.39	2.48	4.31	<0.001	1.46
Peroneus	7.40	2.33	48	4.21	2.96	53	3.19	2.13	4.25	<0.001	1.20
Gracilis	5.97	2.47	48	2.82	1.89	53	3.15	2.28	4.01	<0.001	1.43
Iliopsoas	6.45	3.36	48	3.50	1.34	53	2.95	1.96	3.95	<0.001	1.15
Quadratus L	6.86	2.04	48	4.10	1.86	53	2.77	2.00	3.54	<0.001	1.42
Pes anserinus	5.40	2.49	48	2.75	2.01	53	2.65	1.76	3.55	<0.001	1.17
Popliteus	7.05	2.36	48	3.87	2.20	53	3.18	2.28	4.08	<0.001	1.39
Lig L1-L2	7.98	3.12	48	4.46	2.07	53	3.52	2.48	4.55	<0.001	1.33
Lig L2-L3	8.38	3.11	48	4.37	2.21	53	4.01	2.95	5.06	<0.001	1.49
Lig L3-L4	8.09	3.10	48	4.58	2.31	53	3.51	2.44	4.58	<0.001	1.29
Lig L4-L5	8.29	2.89	48	4.64	2.10	53	3.65	2.66	4.64	<0.001	1.44
Lig L5-S1	8.70	2.98	48	4.42	2.27	53	4.28	3.24	5.32	<0.001	1.62
Lig S1-S2	8.72	3.21	48	4.90	2.81	53	3.82	2.63	5.01	<0.001	1.27
PRL1	3.79	2.11	48	2.39	3.45	53	1.40	0.25	2.54	<0.001	0.40
PRL2	3.67	1.83	48	1.77	1.33	53	1.90	1.27	2.53	<0.001	1.19
PRL3	4.26	1.74	48	2.01	1.34	53	2.25	1.64	2.86	<0.001	1.45
PRL4	5.58	2.17	48	2.95	1.77	53	2.63	1.85	3.41	<0.001	1.33
PRL5	5.09	1.98	48	2.47	1.58	53	2.62	1.92	3.33	<0.001	1.46
PR S1	5.51	1.59	48	3.02	1.59	53	2.50	1.87	3.12	<0.001	1.57
PR S2	4.80	1.92	48	2.77	1.49	53	2.03	1.35	2.70	<0.001	1.18

OA: osteoarthritis; Vastus M: vastus medialis; Adductor L: adductor longus; Rectus fem: rectus femoris; Vastus L: vastus lateralis; Tibialis ant: tibialis anterior.
PR: pinch and roll maneuver; Lig: supraspinous ligaments; Quad L: quadratus lumborum; L: lumbar; S: sacral.
SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; : number; : probability of significance.