Sterile Neuroinflammation and Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention

Figure 1

Scheme of early innate response to brain injury. Damage signals or DAMPs primarily released from the injured parenchymal cells are sensed by immune effector cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages. The triggered innate immune response (e.g., proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, excitotoxins, histamine, and prostaglandins) has detrimental influences on the neurons, oligodendroglial precursors, and vascular endothelial cells. The increased BBB permeability contributes the migration of peripheral immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, mast cells, and macrophages) to the sites of tissue damage.