Research Article
Association of Elevated Serum GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-4, and TNF-α Concentration with Tobacco Smoke Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a South Indian Population
Table 1
Demographics of the study cohort constituting tobacco smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TS COPD) and tobacco smokers without COPD (TS CONTROL). Values are presented as #median (25th–75th percentile) and ∧ frequency (percentage). §Only 3 subjects in the TS COPD group quitted smoking 3, 8, and 10 years ago; p<0.05 is considered as significant.
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CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; : forced expiratory volume 1 second prebronchodilator challenge; : FEV1 postbronchodilator challenge; FVC: forced vital capacity; SLI: standard of living index; TS COPD: tobacco smokers with COPD; TS CONTROL: tobacco smokers without COPD. |