Research Article
Association of Elevated Serum GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-4, and TNF-α Concentration with Tobacco Smoke Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a South Indian Population
Table 2
Serum concentrations [median (25th–75th percentile) pg/ml] of the eight cytokines measured in tobacco smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TS-COPD) and TS CONTROL subjects. p<0.05 is considered as significant.
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GM-CSF: granular macrophage colony stimulating factor; IFN-: interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; TNF-: tumor necrosis factor alpha. |