Extensive Study on Hematological, Immunological, Inflammatory Markers, and Biochemical Profile to Identify the Risk Factors in COVID-19 Patients
Table 2
Comparative analysis of immunological, inflammatory, hematological, and clinical biochemical markers in COVID-19 patients according to their disease form.
Parameter
Total COVID-19 patients
Control (50)
1 vs 2
1 vs 3
2 vs 3
Severe (88)
Mild (62)
WBC (109/L)
13.60 ± 5.52
12.69 ± 4.79
7.34 ± 1.95
0.001
NS
0.001
0.001
Lym (109/L)
1.0 ± 0.74
3.05 ± 0.67
3.01 ± 0.65
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
NS
Neu (109/L)
11.34 ± 5.52
10.18 ± 4.02
4.50 ± 1.45
0.001
NS
0.0001
0.0001
Mon (109/L)
0.99 ± 0.42
0.74 ± 0.42
0.43 ± 0.21
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.001
RBC (1012/L)
3.12 ± 0.78
4.67 ± 1.23
4.86 ± 0.48
0.006
0.002
0.001
NS
Hb (g/dl)
10.68 ± 2.05
11.84 ± 2.61
13.04 ± 1.34
0.04
0.02
0.003
0.001
ESR (mm/h)
51.15 ± 24.4
27.62 ± 12.97
8.17 ± 3.95
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
Hs-CRP (mg/L)
42.97 ± 5.31
14.17 ± 1.87
1.16 ± 0.88
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.01
IL-6 (pg/ml)
660.4 ± 60.12
5.38 ± 0.37
4.54 ± 0.22
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
NS
LDH (U/L)
672.40 ± 51.89
154.27 ± 22.5
157.2 ± 22.3
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
NS
Ferritin (ng/ml)
989.56 ± 100.2
77.20 ± 3.31
76.02 ± 3.56
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
NS
ALT (U/L)
33.01 ± 3.6
16.28 ± 1.02
16.05 ± 1.14
0.0001
0.002
0.002
NS
AST (U/L)
37.31 ± 3.02
14.17 ± 1.13
12.91 ± 0.84
0.0001
0.001
0.001
NS
Creatinine (mg/dl)
1.17 ± 0.33
0.68 ± 0.03
0.65 ± 0.13
0.1
NS
NS
NS
Urea (mg/dl)
65.78 ± 7.27
29.93 ± 9.06
27.91 ± 6.5
0.001
0.001
0.001
NS
Albumin (g/dl)
3.37 ± 0.47
4.26 ± 0.45
4.34 ± 0.40
0.001
0.01
0.01
NS
Direct bilirubin (mg/dl)
0.18 ± 0.02
0.29 ± 0.14
0.28 ± 0.13
0.002
0.001
0.005
NS
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)
0.62 ± 0.05
0.68 ± 0.04
0.67 ± 0.04
0.6
NS
NS
NS
Glucose (g/dl)
217.1 ± 38.9
97.43 ± 17.4
93.42 ± 11.6
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
NS
D-dimer (ng/ml)
2.66 ± 0.42
2.62 ± 0.40
2.18 ± 0.04
0.5
NS
NS
NS
APTT (sec)
28.38 ± 1.10
35.75 ± 6.13
37.02 ± 7.3
0.4
NS
NS
NS
Troponin T (ng/ml)
Negative
Negative
Negative
—
—
—
—
value is significant statistics at level <0.05. LSD was used to determine multiple comparisons among three groups (post hoc tests). The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation (range). WBC: white blood cells. Lym: lymphocytes. Neu: neutrophils. Mon: monocytes; Hb: hemoglobin; hs-CRP: highly sensitive C-reactive protein; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; NS: no significant; RBC: red blood cells; IL-6: interleukin-6; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.
