A comparative study of the inhibitory potentials of gum exudates from<i> Albizia ferruginea</i> (AF) and<i> Khaya senegalensis</i> (KS) on the corrosion of mild steel in HCl medium was investigated using weight loss and gasometric method. The active chemical constituents of the gum were elucidated using GC-MS while FTIR was used to identify the bonds/functional groups in the gums. The two gum exudates were found to be good corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in acidic medium. On comparison, maximum inhibition efficiency was found in<i> Khaya senegalensis</i> with 82.56&#x25; inhibition efficiency at 0.5&#x25;&#x2009;g/L concentration of the gum. This may be due to the fact that more compounds with heteroatoms were identified in the GCMS spectrum of KS gum compared to the AF gum. The presence of such compounds may have enhanced their adsorption on the metal surface and thereby blocking the surface and protecting the metal from corrosion. The adsorption of the inhibitors was found to be exothermic and spontaneous and fitted the Langmuir adsorption model.

Paul Ocheje Ameh

A Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effect of Gum Exudates from<i> Khaya senegalensis</i> and<i> Albizia ferruginea</i> on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium

The effect of low-cycle alternating bending at room temperature on the crystallographic texture, metallographic structure, and elastic properties of sheets of MgLi5 (mass) magnesium alloy after warm cross-rolling has been studied. Texture of alloy is differed from the texture of pure magnesium. The initial texture of alloy is characterized by a wide scatter of basal poles in the transverse direction. In the process of alternating bending, the changes in the initial texture and structure (which is represented by equiaxed grains containing twins) lead to regular changes in the anisotropy of elastic properties.

N. M. Shkatulyak

S. V. Smirnova

V. V. Usov

Effect of Alternating Bending on Texture, Structure, and Elastic Properties of Sheets of Magnesium Lithium Alloy

Effects of moulding sand permeabilities prepared from the combinations of four proportions of coarse and fine particle size mixtures and pouring temperatures varied from 700, 750, and 800 (&#xb1;10&#xb0;C) were studied on the hardness, porosity, strength, and microstructure of cast aluminium pistons used in hydraulic brake master cylinder. Three sand moulds were prepared from each of the 80&#x2009;:&#x2009;20, 60&#x2009;:&#x2009;40, 40&#x2009;:&#x2009;60, and 20&#x2009;:&#x2009;80 ratios. The surfaces and microstructures of cast samples were examined using high resolution microscopic camera, metallurgical microscope with digital camera, and scanning electron microscope with EDX facilities. The best of the metallurgical properties were obtained from the combination of 80&#x2009;:&#x2009;20 coarse-fine sand ratio and 750 &#xb1; 10&#xb0;C pouring temperature using as MgFeSi inoculant. An 8&#x2009;:&#x2009;25 ratio of coarse to fine grained eutectic aluminium alloy was obtained with enhanced metallographic properties. The cast alloy poured at 750 &#xb1; 1&#xb0;C has a large number of fine grain formations assuming broom-resembling structures as shown in the 100&#x2009;<i>&#xb5;</i>m size SEM image.

Olawale Olarewaju Ajibola

Daniel Toyin Oloruntoba

Benjamin O. Adewuyi

Effects of Moulding Sand Permeability and Pouring Temperatures on Properties of Cast 6061 Aluminium Alloy

Metal expansion bellows are a mechanical device for absorbing energy or displacement in structures. It is widely used to deal with vibrations, thermal expansion, and the angular, radial, and axial displacements of components. The main objective of this paper is to perform numerical analysis to find various characteristics of stresses in U-shaped metal expansion bellows as per the requirement of vendor and ASME standards. In this paper, extensive analytical and numerical study is carried out to calculate the different characteristics of stresses due to internal pressure varying from 1&#x2009;MPa to 2&#x2009;MPa in U-shaped bellows. Finite element analysis by using Ansys14 is performed to find the characteristics of U-shaped metal expansion bellows. Finally, the results of analytical analysis and finite element method (FEM) show a very good agreement. The results of this research work could be used as a basis for designing a new type of the metal bellows.

S. H. Gawande

N. D. Pagar

V. B. Wagh

A. A. Keste

Numerical Investigations on Characteristics of Stresses in U-Shaped Metal Expansion Bellows

The effect of electrode types on the solidification cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel weld metal was studied. Manual metal arc welding method was used to produce the joints with the tungsten inert gas welding serving as the control. Metallographic and chemical analyses of the fusion zones of the joints were conducted. Results indicate that weldments produced from E 308-16 (rutile coated), E 308-16(lime-titania coated) electrodes, and TIG welded joints fall within the range of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-5.36457pt" id="M1" height="14.6529pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 115.279 14.6529" width="115.279pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.076,0)"><path id="g117-93" d="M531 71V127L115 310L531 494V550L57 335V285L531 71ZM531 -40V10H57V-40H531Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.339,0)"><path id="g190-68" d="M614 175C564 76 510 21 408 21C256 21 146 149 146 336C146 488 235 629 402 629C510 629 570 586 597 480L626 488C620 541 614 582 606 638C578 643 510 665 429 665C206 665 44 527 44 316C44 157 153 -15 402 -15C474 -15 558 5 586 11C604 45 629 119 643 165L614 175Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.984,0)"><path id="g190-115" d="M181 342V451C133 431 89 419 40 411V388C98 381 102 377 102 311V104C102 38 95 32 33 26V0H263V26C186 32 181 38 181 104V287C203 343 235 372 261 372C277 372 289 366 304 352C310 346 318 345 330 350C349 359 362 379 362 399C362 422 338 449 304 449C256 449 213 393 183 342H181Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.858,3.132)"><path id="g190-102" d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.771,3.132)"><path id="g190-114" d="M515 -240V-213C445 -206 438 -202 438 -132V332C438 399 440 418 441 439L437 442C421 434 408 431 402 431C394 430 389 431 375 435C363 440 342 445 306 449C168 450 38 341 38 197C38 101 108 -12 253 -12L359 30V-130C359 -201 353 -207 274 -213V-240H515ZM359 60C340 51 316 44 285 44C211 44 128 109 128 230C128 348 194 408 262 408C294 408 336 392 359 366V60Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,52.453,3.132)"><path id="g50-47" d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.116,0)"><path id="g113-48" d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.477,0)"><path id="g190-79" d="M719 650H483V622C553 619 576 606 581 560C585 532 588 487 588 394V148H585L167 650H20V622C67 618 88 610 109 585C127 562 129 557 129 484V264C129 173 126 124 123 93C118 44 92 31 35 28V0H272V28C204 32 181 44 176 95C173 124 170 172 170 264V515H172L598 -9H629V394C629 487 631 532 635 563C639 606 663 619 719 622V650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.862,0)"><path id="g190-106" d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 95 32 32 26V0H252Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,73.395,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-102"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,77.308,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-114"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,81.99,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,88.285,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-93"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,99.548,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,105.788,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,108.752,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg> and solidified with a duplex mode and were found to be resistant to solidification cracking. The E 308-16 weld metal had the greatest resistance to solidification cracking. Joints produced from E 310-16 had <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-5.36457pt" id="M2" height="14.6529pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 54.4286 14.6529" width="54.4286pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-115"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.518,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-102"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.432,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-114"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.114,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.777,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-48"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.138,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-79"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.523,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-106"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.056,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-102"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.969,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-114"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.651,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-47"/></g></svg> ratio &#x3c; 1.5 and solidified with austenite mode. It was found to be susceptible to solidification cracking. E 312-16 produced joints having <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-5.36457pt" id="M3" height="14.6529pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 54.4286 14.6529" width="54.4286pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-115"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.518,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-102"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.432,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-114"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,22.114,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.777,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-48"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.138,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-79"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.523,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-106"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,43.056,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-102"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.969,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-114"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,51.651,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-47"/></g></svg> ratio &#x3e; 1.9 and solidified with ferrite mode. It had a low resistance to solidification cracking.

J. U. Anaele

O. O. Onyemaobi

C. S. Nwobodo

C. C. Ugwuegbu

Effect of Electrode Types on the Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal

The influence of the fracture surface fractal dimension <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M1" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.1453 11.8174" width="16.1453pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-69" d="M743 375C743 570 607 650 407 650H136L130 622C214 612 220 606 204 526L125 122C110 43 105 36 24 27L17 0H250C382 0 482 23 571 76C680 141 743 248 743 375ZM644 379C644 188 520 36 305 36C277 36 249 38 229 46C205 55 202 71 212 126L293 553C300 588 306 600 317 606C330 613 356 617 390 617C547 617 644 537 644 379Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><path id="g50-71" d="M606 650H137L129 618C217 609 221 609 203 518L129 129C115 46 106 40 26 32L18 0H300L307 32C210 40 203 45 218 129L249 305H358C454 305 455 296 457 219H491L531 425H497C465 353 463 350 366 350H259L300 569C306 605 310 611 346 611H444C522 611 535 598 541 578C550 557 553 519 552 485L588 489L606 650Z"/></g></svg> and the fractal dimension of grain microstructure <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M2" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.6163 11.8174" width="19.6163pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><path id="g50-78" d="M1006 650H829L492 147L357 650H174L166 618C270 609 275 601 247 502L194 315C158 189 136 127 122 96C104 56 80 37 18 32L12 0H256L263 32C181 40 176 51 183 98C188 132 197 179 226 281L299 541H301L433 6H458L809 551H811L753 141C739 41 734 39 650 32L642 0H917L923 32C836 39 827 41 839 142L887 535C896 610 901 612 997 618L1006 650Z"/></g></svg> on the strength of AISI 316L type austenitic stainless steel through the Hall-Petch relation has been studied. The change in complexity experimented by the net of grains, as measured by <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M3" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.6163 11.8174" width="19.6163pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-78"/></g></svg>, is translated into the respective fracture surface irregularity through <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M4" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.1453 11.8174" width="16.1453pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-71"/></g></svg>, in such a way that the higher the grain size (lower <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M5" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.6163 11.8174" width="19.6163pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-78"/></g></svg> values) the lower the fracture surface roughness (lower values of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M6" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.1453 11.8174" width="16.1453pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-71"/></g></svg>) and the shallower the dimples on the fractured surfaces. The material was heat-treated at 904, 1010, 1095, and 1194&#xb0;C, in order to develop equiaxed grain microstructures and then fractured by tension at room temperature. The fracture surfaces were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M7" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.1453 11.8174" width="16.1453pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-71"/></g></svg> was determined using the slit-island method, and the values of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M8" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.6163 11.8174" width="19.6163pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-78"/></g></svg> were taken from the literature. The relation between grain size, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M9" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.6163 11.8174" width="19.6163pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-78"/></g></svg>, mechanical properties, and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M10" height="11.8174pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.1453 11.8174" width="16.1453pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.893,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-71"/></g></svg>, developed for AISI 316L steel, could be generalized and therefore applied to most of the common micrograined metal alloys currently used in many key engineering areas.

Oswaldo Antonio Hilders

Naddord Zambrano

Ram&#xf3;n Caballero

Microstructure, Strength, and Fracture Topography Relations in AISI 316L Stainless Steel, as Seen through a Fractal Approach and the Hall-Petch Law

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are one of the advanced materials capable of withstanding the high temperature environments. The FGMs consist of the continuously varying composition of two different materials. One is an engineering ceramic to resist the thermal loading from the high-temperature environment, and the other is a light metal to maintain the structural rigidity. In the present study, the properties of the FGM plate are assumed to vary along the thickness direction according to the power law distribution, sigmoid distribution, and exponential distribution. The fundamental equations are obtained using the first order shear deformation theory and the finite element formulation is done using minimum potential energy approach. The numerical results are obtained for different distributions of FGM, volume fractions, and boundary conditions. The FGM plate is subjected to thermal environment and transverse UDL under thermal environment and the response is analysed.  Numerical results are provided in nondimensional form.

Manish Bhandari

Kamlesh Purohit

Response of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Thermomechanical Load Subjected to Various Boundary Conditions

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International Journal of Metals