Recent Advancements in Toxin and Antitoxin Systems Involved in Bacterial Programmed Cell Death

Table 1

Properties of well-characterized TA systems in plasmids.

TA system	Organism	Toxin	Antitoxin		Target	Protease cleaving the antitoxin	Reference
			Protein	RNA
ccdAB	E. coli	CcdB	CcdA		DNA gyrase	Lon	[23, 24]
dinJ-yafQ	E. coli	YafQ	DinJ		Unknown	Unknown	[25]
hok/sok	E. coli	Sok		Hok	Cell membrane	Unknown	[26, 27]
kid/kis	E. coli	Kid	Kis		mRNA cleavage	Lon	[28]
parDE	E. coli	ParE	ParD		DNA gyrase	Unknown	[29]
pemKI	E. coli	PemK	PemI		DnaB	Lon	[30]
relBE	E. coli	RelE	RelB		mRNA cleavage	Unknown	[16]
yefM-yoeB	E. coli	YoeB	YefM		mRNA cleavage	Unknown	[31]
relBE2	S. pneumoniae	RelE	RelB		Unknown	Unknown	[32]
mazEF	enterococci	MazF	MazE		mRNA cleavage	ClpPA	[33]
higBA	V. cholerae	HigB	HigA		mRNA cleavage	Unknown	[34, 35]
	P. vulgaris
phd-doc	V. cholerae	Phd	Doc		30S ribosomal subunit	ClpXP	[36]
toxIN	E. carotovora	ToxN		ToxI	Unknown	Unknown	[7]
axe-txe	E. faecium	Txe	Axe		Unknown	Unknown	[37]
ω-ε-ζ	E. faecium	ζ	ε		Transcription	Unknown	[38, 39]
	S. pyogenes
fst	E. faecalis	Fst(RNA I)		RNA II	Translation	Unknown	[40, 41]
	B. subtilis
mvpTA	Sh. flexneri	MvpT	MvpA		Unknown	Unknown	[42]