Antimicrobial and Herbal Drug Resistance in Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Faecal Droppings of Common House Lizard/Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus)
Table 3
Antimicrobial herbal-drug resistance of bacteria isolated from faecal droppings of geckos.
Bacteria
Isolates tested
Number of isolates resistant to
AC
AV
EG
LGO
PO
SWO
ZR
Citrobacter diversus
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
1
C. amalonaticus
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
C. freundii
43
27
42
42
43
43
42
33
Edwardsiella tarda
4
3
4
4
3
4
4
4
Ed. hoshiniae
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Enterobacter cloacae
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
3
Ent. agglomerans
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ent. amnigenus BG-I
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Ent. amnigenus BG-II
3
2
2
0
1
1
2
1
Ent. cancerogenus
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ent. gregoviae
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
3
Ent. sakazaki
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Erwinia ananas
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Escherichia coli
44
39
44
44
43
42
43
41
E. blattae
6
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
E. fergusonii
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Hafnea alvei
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
Klebsiella oxytoca
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
K. pneumoniae
35
27
34
35
35
35
35
32
Leminorella ghrimontii
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
Listonella damsele
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
Pragia fontium
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Proteus penneri
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Raoultella terrigena
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
Salmonella indica
30
18
30
29
29
27
29
28
Salmonella salamae
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Salmonella houtenae
4
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
Serratia fonticola
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
Serratia marcescens
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Total
223
161
216
211
215
211
216
192
% resistant strains
72.2
96.9
94.6
96.4
94.6
96.9
86.1
Chi-test values
0.029
All herbal antimicrobials were used as 0.5 mg/disc; AC: Ageratum conyzoides ethanolic extract; AV: Artemisia vulgaris essential oil; EG: eucalyptus gum; LGO: lemongrass oil; PO: patchouli essential oil; SWO: sandalwood oil; ZR: Zanthoxylum rhetsa ethanolic extract. Note: Chi-square test was done to test the null hypothesis that type of bacteria had no effect on resistance to antimicrobial drug.
