Gastrointestinal Bacterial and Methanogenic Archaea Diversity Dynamics Associated with Condensed Tannin-Containing Pine Bark Diet in Goats Using 16S rDNA Amplicon Pyrosequencing
Table 1
Chemical compositions of pine bark (PB), wheat straw (WS), bermudagrass hay (BGH), and experimental diets fed to Kiko crossbred male goat kids.
Item
Ingredient, %
Experimental diets1
SEM
PB
WS
BGH
Control
15% PB
30% PB
Ingredient of the grain/PB mix, % as is
Ground PB
—
—
—
0
15.0
30.0
—
Ground WS
—
—
—
30.0
15.0
0
—
Corn
—
—
—
20.0
20.0
20.0
—
Soybean meal
—
—
—
18.5
20.0
21.0
—
Soy hulls
—
—
—
4.5
5.0
4.0
—
Alfalfa meal
—
—
—
5.0
3.0
3.0
—
Molasses
—
—
—
6.0
6.0
6.0
—
Vitamin and mineral mix
—
—
—
0.5
0.5
0.5
—
Salt
—
—
—
0.5
0.5
0.5
—
NH4Cl
—
—
—
0.5
0.5
0.5
—
BGH
—
—
—
15.0
15.0
15.0
—
Chemical composition, % DM (n = 3)
Dry matter
83.6
83.5
91.4
89.7
87.8
87.3
0.77
Crude protein
1.2
4.1
7.3
15.7
16.8
16.1
0.41
Neutral detergent fiber
78.6
79.0
69.2
35.0
31.8
27.5
1.77
Acid detergent fiber
72.1
49.2
37.3
23.7
23.2
23.6
1.42
Ether extract
1.65
0.42
1.51
2.3
2.6
2.5
0.25
Ash
2.3
2.0
4.8
6.4
6.2
5.9
0.31
NFC2
17.1
16.7
19.1
42.1
42.5
47.1
1.91
Acid detergent lignin
21.3
8.01
6.3
5.9
9.9
12.4
0.85
Condensed tannins3
10.3
0.03
0.04
0.19
1.63
3.20
0.19
Control (0% PB), 15% PB, and 30% PB on an as-fed basis. Except bermudagrass hay, all ingredients were incorporated in the grain mixes.
2Nonfiber carbohydrates = 100 – CP – NDF – ether extract – ash.
3Condensed tannins (CT) are relative to a purified quebracho CT standard. SEM: standard error of the mean.
