Antimicrobial Activities of a Plethora of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Hydrolates against Human Pathogens and Their Potential to Reverse Antibiotic Resistance

Table 2

Plant extracts or hydrolates and codes: extracts were prepared by air-drying fresh plant material, crushing into powder, and extracting by macerating the powder in hexane, followed by filtration and evaporation. The concentrate was macerated in methanol, filtered, and evaporated and the resulting concentrated crude extracts were coded as shown and stored at 4°C until required for use. Hydrolates were obtained by separating the aqueous water from essential oils after steam distillation in the course of extracting essential oils.

Code	Plant species	Extract or hydrolate
E01	Xylopia aethiopica	Methanol fruit extract
E02	Mitracarpus scaber	Methanol whole plant extract
E03	Aframomum danielli	Methanol seed extract
E04	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Methanol root extract
E05	Albizia lebbeck	Methanol bark extract
E06	Baillonella toxisperma	Methanol bark extract
E07	Fagara leprieuri	Methanol fruit extract
E08	Kigelia africana	Methanol stem bark extract
E09	Tetrapleura tetraptera	Methanol fruit extract
E10	Xylopia aethiopica	Methanol stem bark extract
E11	Aucoumea klaineana (Okoumé)	Ethanol resin extract
E12	Pamplemousse pepin	Methanol seed extract
E13	Myrianthus arboreus	Methanol root extract
E14	Clausena anisata	Hexane leaf extract
E15	Scleria striatinus	Methanol root extract
E16	Canarium schweinfurtii	Gum resin hydrolate
E17	Aframomum sulcatum	Seed hydrolate
E18	Aframomum melegueta	Seed hydrolate
E19	Fagara xanthoxyloides	Fruit hydrolate
E20	Scleria striatinus	Hexane root extract
E21	Piper nigrum	Fruit hydrolate
E22	Pentadiplandra brazzeana	Root hydrolate
E23	Echinops giganteus	Root hydrolate
E24	Cupressus leylandii	Leaf hydrolate
E25	Eugenia caryophyllus	Fruit hydrolate
E26	Cymbopogon winterianus	Leaf hydrolate
E27	Aframomum kayserianum	Seed hydrolate
E28	Piper guineense	Fruit hydrolate
E29	Piper capense	Fruit hydrolate
E30	Nauclea pobeguinii	Methanol root extract