Antimicrobial Activities of a Plethora of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Hydrolates against Human Pathogens and Their Potential to Reverse Antibiotic Resistance

Table 8

Synergism of extracts (E05, E06, E17, and E30) with antibiotics (CRO, AMP, AMX, and NOR) to which bacteria is resistant.

Test organism	Extract	Test	MIC	Result of the combination
S. aureus	Albizia lebbeck (E05)	E05	1
		E05 + CRO	1	No effect
		CRO	1
		E05 + AMP	2	Synergism
		AMP	1
		E05 + AMX	1	No effect
		AMX	1
	Baillonella toxisperma (E06)	E06	1
		E06 + CRO	1	No effect
		E06 + AMP	1	No effect
		E06 + AMX	1	No effect
	Aframomum sulcatum (E17)	E17	1
		E17 + CRO	7	Synergism
		E17 + AMP	1	No effect
		E17 + AMX	1	No effect
	Nauclea pobeguinii (E30)	E30	1
		E30 + CRO	11	Synergism
		E30 + AMP	6	Synergism
		E30 + AMX	3	Synergism
S. saprophyticus	E05	E05	1
		E05 + AMX	—	Antagonism
		AMX	1
	E06	E06	1
		E06 + AMX	—	Antagonism
	E17	E17	1
		E17 + AMX	—	Antagonism
	E30	E30	1
		E30 + AMX	—	Antagonism
E. coli	E05	E05	1
		E05 + NOR	—	Antagonism
		NOR	1
	E06	E06	1
		E06 + NOR	—	Antagonism
	E17	E17	1
		E17 + NOR	2	Synergism
	E30	E30	1
		E30 + NOR	8	Synergism
K. pneumoniae	E05	E05	1
		E05 + AMP	1	No effect
		AMP	1
		E05 + AMX	—	Antagonism
		AMX	1
	E06	EO6	1
		E06 + AMP	1	No effect
		E06 + AMX	—	Antagonism
	E17	E17	1
		E17 + AMP	1	No effect
		E17 + AMX	—	Antagonism
	E30	E30	1
		E30 + AMP	2	Synergism
		E30 + AMX	2	Synergism
S. epidermidis	E05	E05	1
		E05 + CRO	1	No effect
		CRO	1
		E05 + AMP	1	No effect
		AMP	1
		E05 + AMX	1	No effect
		AMX	1
	E06	E06	1
		E06 + CRO	2	Synergism
		E06 + AMP	2	Synergism
		E06 + AMX	1	No effect
	E17	E17	1
		E17 + CRO	—	Antagonism
		E17 + AMP	—	Antagonism
		E17 + AMX	1	No effect
	E30	E30	1
		E30 + CRO	—	Antagonism
		E30 + AMP	3	Synergism
		E30 + AMX	—	Antagonism
S. typhi	E05	E05	1
		E05 + CRO	1	No effect
		CRO	1
		E05 + AMP	1	No effect
		AMP	1
		E05 + AMX	1	No effect
		AMX	1
	E06	E06	1
		E06 + CRO	1	No effect
		E06 + AMP	—	Antagonism
		E06 + AMX	—	Antagonism
	E17	E17	1
		E17 + CRO	1	No effect
		E17 + AMP	1	No effect
		E17 + AMX	2	Synergism
	E30	E30	1
		E30 + CRO	4	Synergism
		E30 + AMP	1	No effect
		E30 + AMX	1	No effect

1 = concentration in well one (MIC of antibiotic alone, extract alone, or extract and antibiotic); 2 = 1/3 MIC; 3 = 1/9 MIC; 4 = 1/27 MIC; 7 = 1/243 MIC; 8 = 1/1944 MIC; 11 = MIC × 3⁻¹⁰.