International Journal of Microbiology

Research Article

Antibiotic Resistance of Diverse Bacteria from Aquaculture in Borneo

Table 1

Antibiotic profile and MAR index of isolates from aquaculture.

⁢Isolates code and species

Antibiotics

MAR index

Tob

PRL

AMP

CIP

NOR

CRO

CAZ

IPM

SXT

BT-F14

Edwardsiella tarda

−

0.32

BTL-2W3

Enterobacter sp.

−

0.37

BTL-2W4

Enterobacter sp.

−

0.47

MYY-W9

Enterobacter hormaechei

−

0.26

LBG-2P6

Serratia liquefaciens

−

0.26

LBG-2W5

Serratia marcescens

−

0.42

MYY-F9

Escherichia coli

−

0.16

BT-F7

Escherichia albertii

−

0.47

BTL-W8

Klebsiella pneumoniae

−

0.47

BT-2W2

Klebsiella pneumoniae

−

0.42

BT-2S3

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.26

BT-F1

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.21

BT-F6

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.26

BT-F10

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.21

BT-F13

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.26

BTL-F4

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.26

BTL-F10

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.26

BTL-2F4

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.32

BTL-2F7

Plesiomonas shigelloides

−

0.26

BT-2F10

Pseudomonas putida

−

0.11

BT-2F5

Pseudomonas putida

−

0.00

MYY-S5

Pseudomonas sp.

−

0.11

BT-2S9

Aeromonas hydrophila

−

0.33

BT-F12

Aeromonas hydrophila

−

0.11

BT-F15

Aeromonas jandaei

−

0.11

MYY-2F8

Aeromonas jandaei

−

0.44

MYY-2F4

Aeromonas punctata

−

0.11

MYY-2W3

Aeromonas jandaei

−

0.22

LBG-W6

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

−

0.60

LBG-2W2

Chryseobacterium sp.

−

0.63

SPD-P7

Vibrio rotiferianus

−

0.00

SPD-S6

Vibrio fischeri

−

0.00

SPD-W5

Vibrio sp.

−

0.00

BT-W2

Acinetobacter baumannii

−

0.45

BT-2W8

Acinetobacter sp.

−

0.06

BT-2W9

Acinetobacter baumannii

−

0.09

BTL-2W2

Acinetobacter baumannii

−

0.36

BT-2F9

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

−

0.27

BTL-2F1

Acinetobacter sp.

−

0.18

MYY-2W4

Acinetobacter sp.

−

0.18

LBG-2W3

Acinetobacter sp.

−

0.00

SPD-2P1

Acinetobacter sp.

−

0.09

SPD-2P8

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

−

0.00

BTL-F1

Staphylococcus sp.

−

0.26

MYY-W6

Staphylococcus sciuri

−

0.16

MYY-2F2

Staphylococcus xylosus

−

0.32

LBG-P2

Staphylococcus sp.

−

0.05

LBG-2P3

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

−

0.32

LBG-2P7

Staphylococcus xylosus

−

0.32

SPD-W7

Staphylococcus sp.

−

0.05

SPD-W3

Staphylococcus sp.

−

0.11

SPD-W1

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

−

0.21

SPD-P1

Staphylococcus sp.

−

0.16

SPD-S9

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

−

0.05

BT-S1

Bacillus sp.

−

0.00

BT-S2

Bacillus sp.

−

0.42

BT-S3

Bacillus sp.

−

0.00

BT-S4

Bacillus sp.

−

0.00

BT-2S1

Bacillus cereus

−

0.42

BT-2S5

Bacillus megaterium

−

0.11

BT-2S8

Bacillus megaterium

−

0.11

BT-2S10

Bacillus aryabhattai

−

0.05

BTL-S1

Bacillus sp.

−

0.37

BTL-S3

Bacillus pumilus

−

0.37

BTL-2S4

Bacillus sp.

−

0.26

BTL-2S8

Bacillus sp.

−

0.21

BTL-2S9

Bacillus pumilus

−

0.11

BT-2W5

Bacillus megaterium

−

0.37

BTL-2W7

Bacillus sp.

−

0.05

BT-2F1

Bacillus cereus

−

0.11

MYY-2S4

Bacillus cereus

−

0.32

MYY-2W7

Bacillus sp.

−

0.37

MYY-2F7

Bacillus megaterium

−

0.16

MYY-S10

Bacillus megaterium

−

0.05

MYY-2S5

Bacillus sp.

−

0.00

MYY-S9

Bacillus cereus

−

0.32

MYY-S3

Bacillus pumilus

−

0.05

LBG-S4

Bacillus subtilis

−

0.00

LBG-2S5

Bacillus infantis

−

0.11

LBG-S7

Bacillus pumilus

−

0.05

LBG-2S10

Bacillus sp.

−

0.00

LBG-P6

Bacillus pumilus

−

0.32

LBG-W8

Bacillus vietnamensis

−

0.16

LBG-2S8

Bacillus jeotgali

−

0.00

SPD-P10

Bacillus cereus

−

0.32

SPD-P4

Bacillus cereus

−

0.16

SPD-2S3

Bacillus cereus

−

0.16

SPD-2S4

Bacillus cereus

−

0.53

SPD-S8

Bacillus sp.

−

0.00

SPD-2W4

Bacillus cereus

−

0.21

LBG-2P9

Microbacterium sp.

−

0.21

SPD-S7

Exiguobacterium profundum

−

0.00

BT-2W7

Comamonas testeroni

−

0.32

BT-2S6

Exiguobacterium indicum

−

0.32

⁢Total isolates tested

⁢Total resistant isolates

⁢Percentage of resistant isolates (%)

5.6

2.2

1.1

8.5

85.0

8.2

6.2

47.1

38.5

56.8

13.2

5.0

30.9

37.8

42.3

16.5

9.4

41.0

30.0

4.0

36.6

43.1

Note: isolate code BT: Batu Tujuh, BTL: Bintulu, LBG: Limbang, SPD: Sampadi, MYY: Miri, S: sediment, W: water, F: fish, and P: shrimp.
Symbol “+”: resistant, “−”: susceptible, “nt”: not tested, Ak: amikacin, Tob: tobramycin, CN: gentamicin, K: kanamycin, S: streptomycin, Te: tetracycline, DO: doxycycline, P: penicillin G, PRL: piperacillin, AMP: ampicillin, CIP: ciprofloxacin, NOR: norfloxacin, CRO: ceftriaxone, CAZ: ceftazidime, KF: cephalotin, IMP: imipenem, SXT: sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, RD: rifampin, NA: nalidixic acid, C: phenicols, F: nitrofurantoin, and E: erythromycin.