Antimicrobial Effects of Egyptian Local Chicory, Cichorium endivia subsp. pumilum

Table 1

Antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts of Cichorium endivia subsp. pumilum seeds.

Solvent extract	Concentration (mg/ml)	Zone of inhibition (mm)
		Gram-positive bacteria		Gram-negative bacteria		Fungi
		S. aureus^A	B. cereus^B	S. typhimurium^C	E. coli^D	C. albicans^D	A. niger^E
Methanol^a	1.25	10.4 ± 0.8	7.2 ± 0.7	5.1 ± 0.6	4.2 ± 0.7	4.8 ± 0.5	ND
	2.5	16.7 ± 1.2	15.8 ± 1.1	10.4 ± 0.5	9.1 ± 1.5	8.9 ± 0.8	4.2 ± 0.6
	5	21.3 ± 0.6	20.1 ± 0.4	16.2 ± 0.9	13.7 ± 0.4	14.4 ± 0.7	8.3 ± 1.2
Chloroform^b	1.25	4.2 ± 0.5	4.1 ± 0.8	ND	ND	ND	ND
	2.5	7.5 ± 0.9	6.8 ± 0.5	4.7 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 0.5	3.7 ± 0.8	ND
	5	12 ± 1.4	11.2 ± 0.9	7.6 ± 0.5	6.6 ± 0.9	6.4 ± 0.7	4.1 ± 0.8
Water^b	1.25	3.6 ± 1.1	3.7 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 0.7	ND	ND	ND
	2.5	7.1 ± 0.8	6.5 ± 1.3	5.9 ± 1.1	3.1 ± 0.8	3.2 ± 0.9	ND
	5	10.3 ± 1.5	9.9 ± 1.2	9.4 ± 1.3	6.3 ± 1.2	6.1 ± 1.1	3.5 ± 1.5
Chloramphenicol		20 ± 0.5	21 ± 0.4	24 ± 0.5	25 ± 0.6
Nystatin						24 ± 0.7	24 ± 0.6

Values represent the mean ± standard error (SE) of 3 replicates per treatment. Variable groups that are not represented by the same letters are significantly different (). Nystatin (50 µg/ml) and chloramphenicol (50 µg/ml) served as positive controls for fungi and bacteria, respectively. ND: not detected.