Review Article

Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Impact on Fish Health

Table 3

Toxic effects of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and sterigmatocystin in different fish species.

MycotoxinSpeciesExposure doseAdministrationDuration of exposure (weeks)Toxicity effectReferences

AflatoxinNile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)100 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral10Reduced the growthEl-Banna et al. [101]
Nile tilapia200 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral10Mortality (16.7%)El-Banna et al. [101]
Nile tilapia5–38.62 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral10Survival rate reduced by up to 67%Cagauan and Tayaban [19]
Nile tilapia29 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral10Yellowing of the body surfaceCagauan and Tayaban [19]
Tilapia200 ppb AFB1/kgFeed: oral10Total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, and hemoglobin count decreased; weight gain lowest and reduction in the rate survival rateSelim et al. [104]
Tilapia793 and 1641 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral5Yellowing of the body surfaceDeng et al. [103]
Tilapia793 and 1641 μg AFB1/kgFeed—oral15Darkening of body surfaceDeng et al. [103]
Tilapia2.5 mg AFB1/kgFeed: oralAffect the hematocrit and growth performanceTuan et al. [109]
Tilapia2.5 mg AFB1/kgFeed: oral20Abnormal behaviorDeng et al. [103]
Tilapia245 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral20Feed efficiency rate decreasedDeng et al. [103]
245, 638, 793 and 1641 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral20Weight gain lowestDeng et al. [103]
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)10000 μg AFB1/kgFeed: oral10Decreased leukocyte count, increased haematopoietic activity of blood-forming tissuesJantaroai and Lovell [22]

AflatoxinRohu (Labeo rohita)2.50 and 5.00 mg·kg−1Intraperitoneal (i.p.)10Reduction in production of oxygen radicals by neutrophilsSahoo and Mukherjee [110]
Rohu1.25; 2.50 and 5.00 mg·kg−1Intraperitoneal (i.p.)10Reduction of total protein and globulin levelsSahoo and Mukherjee [110]
Rohu10, 20 and 40 mg·kg−1Feed: oral8Total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, hemoglobin count, and nitroblue tetrazolium decreasedMohapatra et al. [107]
Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)20, and 2000 μg AFB1 kg−1Feed: oral24Gonadosomatic index (GSI), absolute brood amount (AF), relative brood amount (RF), and oocyte diameter were significantly lowerHuang et al. [18]
Juvenile rainbow trout1190 μg·kg−1Feed: oral3MortalityNomura et al. [99]
Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)0.18 mg·kg−1Feed: oral4 daysLoss of equilibrium, rapid opercular movement, and hemorrhages of the dorsal skin surfaceEl-Sayed and Khali [98]
Sea bass0.018 mg·kg−1Feed: oral6ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes increased; total protein; Albumin; and Globulin increasedEl-Sayed and Khalil [98]
OTAChannel catfish1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg·kg−1Feed: oral8Reductions in body weight gainManning et al. [111]
4.0, or 8.0 mg·kg−1Feed: oral8Feed conversion ratio was significantly poorerManning et al. [111]
8.0 mg·kg−1Feed: oral8Hematocrit was significantly lowerManning et al. [111]

OTAJuvenile common carp4.0 mg·kg−1Feed: oral6Mortality (80.49%)Manning et al. [112]

OTABlack tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)1000 μg·kg−1Feed: oral8No negative impact in shrimpSupamattaya et al. [113]

StgNile tilapia5, 10 and 50 μg·ml−1Intragastric4Clastogenic, decrease of body weight, and the increase in frequencies of micronucleated red blood cells (MN RBC) and chromosomal aberrations in the kidneyAbdel-Wahhab et al. [114]

StgNile tilapia1.6 μg·kg−1 bwtCorn oil: oral4Genotoxic and toxicopathological effectsMahrous et al. [115]

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AST: aspartate transaminase.