Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Impact on Fish Health

Table 4

Toxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins in different species of fish.

Mycotoxin	Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Duration of exposure (weeks)	Toxicity effect	References
DON	Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss	2.6 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Decrease in growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, and protein and energy utilization.	Hooft et al. [100]
	Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.	3.7 × 10^−3 mg·kg^‒ 1		8	Reduction in feed intake and decrease in specific growth rate	Döll et al. [118]
	Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus	5.0–10.0 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Mortality	Manning et al. [119]
T-2 toxin	Juvenile channel catfish	1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Reductions in growth and hematocrit values were adversely affected	Manning et al. [120]
		5.0 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Histopathological anomalies of stomach, head, and trunk kidneys	Manning et al. [120]
	Juvenile common carp	1.0 or 2.0 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	6	Mortality	Manning et al. [112]
	Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei	1.2, 2.4, 4.8, and 12.2 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	3	Decrease in growth and survival rate	Deng et al. [103]
		2.4 and 4.8 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	3	Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and also glutathione (GSH) content increased	Deng et al. [103]
		12.2 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	3	SOD and GPx, T-AOC, and GSH content decreased, cell autophagy	Deng et al. [103]
MON	Channel catfish	20, 40, 60, and 120 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	10	Reductions in growth,	Yildirim et al. [121]
	Channel catfish	60 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	10	Low hematocrit level and high serum pyruvate level	Yildirim et al. [121]
	Nile tilapia	60 and 150 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Reductions in growth and high serum pyruvate levels	Tuan et al. [122]
	Nile tilapia	150 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Hematocrit was significantly low	Tuan et al. [122]
FB1	Channel catfish	80, 320, or 720 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	14	Reductions in growth, lower hematocrit and red cell counts, and higher white cell counts	Lumlertdacha et al. [105]
	Channel catfish	20, 80, 320, or 720 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	14	Swollen hepatocytes in the liver with lipid-containing vacuoles, lymphocyte infiltration, and scattered necrotic hepatocytes	Lumlertdacha et al. [105]
	Rainbow trout	23 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	42	Cancer promoter	Carlson et al. [123]
	Nile tilapia	40, 70, 150 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Lower mean weight gains	Tuan et al. [122]
	Nile tilapia	150 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	8	Haematocrit was decreased and ratio between free sphinganine and free sphingosine (SA/SO) in the liver increased	Tuan et al. [122]
	Common carp Cyprinus carpio	100 and 10 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	6	Blood vessels, liver, exocrine and endocrine pancreas, excretory and haematopoietic kidney, and heart and brain were sensitive	Petrinec et al. [124]
	Common carp	0.5 and 5.0 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	6	Loss of body weight and alterations of haematological and biochemical parameters in target organs	Pepeljnjak et al. [125]
		5.0 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	6	Increase in bacterial infection	Pepeljnjak et al. [125]
ZEN	Zebrafish Danio rerio	1000 and 3200 ng·L ^−1		6	Reduced spawning frequency	Schwartz et al. [126]
	Zebrafish	1000 ng·L^−1		26	Affect growth and changed relative fecundity from one generation to another	Schwartz et al. [127]
	Black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius	500 and 1000 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	10	Histological changes in hepatopancreatic tissue	Bundit et al. [128]
	Common carp	0.332, 0.621 and 0.797 mg·kg^‒1	Feed: oral	4	No effect on growth but effects on haematological parameters	Pietsch et al. [129]
	Juvenile rainbow trout	1.810 mg·kg^−1	Feed: oral	10	No effects on growth and may accelerate sexual maturation of female fish	Woźny et al. [130]