Microbial Contamination, an Increasing Threat to the Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Today’s World

Table 1

Country profile of etiological agent’s isolation.

Country	Product	Pathogen	No. of cases/isolates	Reference/year
Africa
Nigeria	Fresh vegetables and meat	Listeria monocytogenes	—	[56]
South Africa	Fresh produce	Listeria monocytogenes	—	[57]
Egypt	Orange juice	Hepatitis A	351	[58]
Kenya	Maize	Hepatitis B and Aflatoxin	317	[59]
Rwanda	—	Salmonella typhimurium	78	[60]
Europe
Sweden	Salads	Listeria monocytogenes	51	[61]
Germany	Fresh produce	Escherichia coli O104: H4	2229 cases	[62]
	Strawberries	Norovirus	11,000	[63, 64]
Turkey	Green leaf lettuces, cos lettuces, iceberg lettuces, spinach, and carrot	Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis	—	[65]
Denmark	Carrot and lettuce	Cryptosporidium hominis	78	[66]
Finland	Raspberries	Norovirus	200	[67]
Norway	Iceberg lettuce	Shigella sonnei	110	[68]
United Kingdom	Basil	Salmonella spp.	32	[69]
Asia
China	Sprouts	Salmonella enteritidis	—	[70]
China	Rice	Salmonella enteritidis	197	[71]
Japan	Beans, cucumber and sprout	Salmonella spp. Escherichia coli O157: H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes	—	[72]
India	Sprouts	Escherichia coli	923	[73]
Southeast Asian cities	Waters	Escherichia coli	—	[74]
Singapore	Bean sprouts and fresh-cut salads	Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella spp., yeasts and moulds	—	[75]
North and South America
Canada	Mango	Cyclospora cayetanensis	17	[76]
Mexico	Cantaloupes	Salmonella spp.	—	[48]
USA	Green onions	Hepatitis A virus	111	[77]
USA	Tomatoes/peppers	Salmonella	1442	[69]
USA	Cantaloupe	L. monocytogenes	147	[48]
Oceania
New Zealand	Blueberries	Hepatitis A	81	[78]
Australia	Sprouts (Alfalfa)	Salmonella	100	[69]
Australia	Lettuce	S. anatum	144	[72]