The Inhibitory Effect of Validamycin A on Aspergillus flavus

Figure 4

Validamycin A increases trehalose levels in Aspergillus flavus conidia with delayed conidial germination and decreased fungal adherence. (a) Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 was cultured at 37°C on Sabouraud dextrose agar for five days with or without 1 μg/mL validamycin A. Trehalose assays were performed to measure trehalose levels in the conidia using glucose oxidase assays. Data are presented as means ± SE from three biological replicates. value < 0.001 (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test compared with the control). (b) Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 was cultured at 37°C in Sabouraud dextrose broth with or without 1 μg/mL validamycin A in an orbital shaker at 200 rpm. Conidial germination at each time point was counted and calculated. Data are presented as means ± SE from three biological replicates. value < 0.01 (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test compared with the control). (c) Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 was cultured at 37°C in Sabouraud dextrose broth with or without 1 μg/mL validamycin A in 96-well plates for 24 hours, and crystal violet adherence assays were performed. Data are presented as means ± SE from three biological replicates. value < 0.01 (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test compared with the control).

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