|
| Author | Number of patients | Clinical symptoms | Molecular evaluation | Ref |
| Sample type | PCR result (%) | Target gene |
| + | − |
|
| Young | 18 | Fever: 13 (72%)
Cough: 15 (83%)
Shortness of breath: 2 (11%)
Rhinorrhea: 1 (6%)
Sore throat: 11 (61%)
Diarrhea: 3 (17%) | Whole blood, stool, and urine samples; nasopharyngeal swabs | 18 (100%) | — | — | [20] |
| Liu | 12 | Fever (10/12)
Cough (11/12)
Myalgia (4/12)
Chills (5/12)
Nausea or vomiting (2/12)
Diarrhea (2/12) | Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and throat swabs samples were collected from 10 patients
Blood and plasma samples | 12 (100%) | — | ORF1ab and N genes of 2019-nCoV | [21] |
| To | 12 | — | Saliva | 11 (91.7%) | 1 (0.03%) | S gene | [22] |
| Cai | 10 | Fever: 8 (80%)
Cough: 6 (60%)
Sore throat: 4 (40%)
Stuffy nose: 3 (30%)
Sneezing and rhinorrhea 2 (20%) | Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs, fecal samples (6 patients), and urine and serum samples (5 patients) | 10 (100%) | — | — | [23] |
| Guan | 1099 | Fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization)
Cough (67.8%)
Diarrhea (3.8%) | Nasal and pharyngeal swab | 1099 (100%) | — | — | [24] |
| Tian | 262 | Fever (82.1%)
Cough (45.8%)
Fatigue (26.3%)
Dyspnea (6.9%)
Headache (6.5%) | | 262 (100%) | — | — | [25] |
| Zou | 18 | Fever | Nasal swabs and throat swabs | 18 (100%) | — | N and Orf1b genes of SARS-CoV-2 | [26] |
| Dai | 6 | COVID-19 positive:
Case 1: fever and headache
Case 2: fever, cough, and myalgia
Case 3: pharyngalgia and fever
Case 4: fever/diarrhea twice
Other diseases:
Case 1: cough, chest pain, and wheezing
Case 2: chest pain | COVID-19 Positive:
Case 1: respiratory tract
Case 2: blood
Case 3: pharyngeal swabs
Case 4: blood specimens
Other diseases:
Respiratory tract | 4 (66.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | — | [27] |
| Huang | 59 | Fever: 40/41 (98%), cough: 31/41 (76%), myalgia or fatigue: 18/41 (44%), sputum production: 11/39 (28%), headache: 3/38 (8%), hemoptysis: 2/39 (5%), diarrhea: 1/38 (3%), and dyspnea: 22/40 (55%) | Blood, serum, nasal, and pharyngeal swabs, BALF, sputum, and bronchial aspirates | 41 (69%) | 18 (31%) | NP gene | [28] |
| Huang | 84 | Fever: 32 (94.1%), cough: 17 (50%), myalgia or fatigue: 22 (64.7%), diarrhea: 5 (14.7%), and headache: 2 (5.9%) | | 34 (40%) | 50 (60%) | — | [29] |
| Li | 425 | — | Respiratory specimen BALF | 425 (100%) | — | Open reading frame 1a or 1b and nucleocapsid protein | [30] |
| Chang | 13 | Fever: 12, cough: 6 (46.3%), upper airway congestion: 8 (61.5%), myalgia: 3 (23.1%), and headache: 3 (23.1%) | Throat swab | 13 (100%) | — | — | [31] |
| Wang | 138 | Fever: 136 (98.6%)
Fatigue: 96 (69.6%)
Dry cough: 82 (59.4%)
Anorexia: 55 (39.9%)
Myalgia: 48 (34.8%)
Dyspnea: 43 (31.2%)
Expectoration: 37 (26.8%)
Pharyngalgia: 24 (17.4%)
Diarrhea: 14 (10.1%)
Nausea: 14 (10.1%)
Dizziness: 13 (9.4%)
Headache: 9 (6.5%)
Vomiting: 5 (3.6%)
Abdominal pain: 3 (2.2%) | Throat swab | 138 (100%) | — | ORF1ab and nucleocapsid protein (N) | [32] |
| Yang | 149 | Fever: 114/149 (76.5%), cough: 87/149 (58.4%), expectoration: 48/149 (32.2%), vomiting: 2/149 (1.3%), dyspnea: 2/149 (1.3%), chest pain: 5 (3.36%), chest tightness: 16 (10.74%), chills: 21 (14.09%)
Sore throat: 21 (14.09%)
Diarrhea: 11 (7.38%)
Muscle pain: 5 (3.36%)
Snotty: 5 (3.36%) | Nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens or induced sputum | 149 (100%) | — | — | [33] |
| Xu | 50 | Fever
Cough: 20/50 (40%)/
Expectoration: 7/50 (14%)
Sore throat: 4/50 (8%)
Headache: 5/50 (10%)
Fatigue: 8/50 (16%)
Muscle ache: 8/50 (16%)
Chest tightness and dyspnea: 4/50 (8%)
Gastrointestinal reaction: 1/50 (2%) | | 50 (100%) | — | — | [34] |
| Xu | 62 | Fever: 48/62 (77%), cough: 50/62 (81%), expectoration: 35/62 (56%), headache: 21/62 (34%), myalgia or fatigue: 32/62 (52%), diarrhea: 3/62 (8%), hemoptysis: 2/62 (3%), and shortness of breath: 2/62 (3%) | Sputum and throat swabs | 62 (100%) | — | — | [35] |
| Xie | 19 | Fever: 14 cases
Cough: 13 cases
Fatigue: 9 cases
Diarrhea: 3 cases | Oropharyngeal swab, blood, urine, and stool | 9 (47.4%) | 10 (52.6%) | ORF1b and N | [36] |
| Chen | 99 | Fever: 82 (83%), cough: 81 (82%), shortness of breath: 31 (31%), muscle ache: 11 (11%), confusion: 9 (9%), headache: 8 (8%), sore throat: 5 (5%), rhinorrhea: 4 (4%), chest pain: 2 (2%), diarrhea: 2 (2%), and nausea and vomiting: 1 (1%) | Throat swab/blood | 99 (100%) | — | — | [37] |
| Shi | 81 | Fever: 59 (73%)
Dyspnea: 34 (42%)
Chest tightness: 18 (22%)
Cough: 48 (59%)
Sputum: 15 (19%)
Rhinorrhea: 21 (26%)
Anorexia: 1 (1%)
Weakness: 7 (9%)
Vomiting: 4 (5%)
Headache: 5 (6%)
Dizziness: 2 (2%)
Diarrhea: 3 (4%) | Throat swab specimens | 81 (100%) | — | Envelope gene | [38] |
| Xu | 90 | Fever: 70 (78%)
Cough: 57 (63%)
Sputum production: 11 (12%)
Fatigue weakness: 19 (21%)
Myalgia: 25 (28%)
Sore throat: 23 (26%)
Chills: 6 (7%)
Headache: 4 (4%)
Diarrhea: 5 (6%)
Nausea: 5 (6%)
Vomit: 2 (2%)
No obvious symptoms: 6 (7%) | | 90 (100%) | — | — | [39] |
| Zhang | 178 | — | Oral swabs, anal swabs, and blood of these patients, 8 were oral swabs positive (53.3%), 4 were anal swabs positive (26.7%), 6 blood positives (40%), and 3 serum positives (20%). Two patients were positive by both oral swab and anal swab, yet none of the blood positive was also swab positive | In the first investigation: 39 (100%) patients
In the second investigation: 139 (100%) patients | — | S gene | [40] |
| Ai | 1014 | Fever and dry cough | Throat swab | 601 (59%) | 413 (41%) | — | [41] |
| Bergheim | 121 | Fever: 74 cases (61%)
Cough: 58 cases (48%)
Sputum production: 20 cases (17%) | Bronchoalveolar lavage, endotracheal aspirate, nasopharyngeal swab, or oropharyngeal swab. | 121 (100%) | — | — | [42] |
| Chen | 29 | The main symptoms of 2019-nCoV pneumonia was fever (28/29) with or without respiratory and other systemic symptoms | | 29 (100%) | — | — | [43] |
| Chung | 21 | Fever: 14 cases (67%)
Fatigue: 3 cases (14%)
Headache: 3 cases (14%)
Cough: 9 cases (43%)
Muscle soreness: 3 cases (14%)
Nausea: 1 case (5%)
No obvious symptoms: 2 cases (10%) | Bronchoalveolar lavage, endotracheal aspirate, nasopharyngeal swab, or oropharyngeal swab | 21 (100%) | — | — | [44] |
| Fang | 51 | Fever or acute respiratory symptoms of unknown cause | Throat swab (45 patients) or sputum samples (6 patients) | 51 (100%) | — | — | [45] |
| Kui | 137 | Fever (112/137, 81.8%), expectoration 6 (4.4%), hemoptysis 7 (5.1%), coughing (66/137, 48.2%), and muscle pain or fatigue (44/137, 32.1%), with other, less typical initial symptoms observed at low frequency, including heart palpitations, diarrhea, and headache | Respiratory tract samples | 137 (100%) | — | ORF1ab/N | [46] |
| Li | 53 cases | In 51 cases:
Fever: 46 (90.2%)
Fatigue and poor appetite: 3 (5.9%)
Cough: 1 (2.0%)
No symptoms: 1 (2.0%) | Oropharyngeal swab | 51 (96.3%) | 2 (3.7%) | — | [47] |
| Li | 54 | Fever, chills, cough, fatigue, and chest distress. Some other symptoms were headache, myalgia, dyspnea, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting | Pharyngeal swab | 31 (57%) | 23 (43%) | — | [48] |
| Liu | 30 | Fever in 23 patients (76.67%), headache in 16 patients (53.33%), fatigue or myalgia in 21 patients (70%), nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea in 9 patients (30%), cough in 25 patients (83.33%), and dyspnea in 14 patients (46.67%) | | 30 (100%) | — | — | [49] |
| Liu | 78 | Cough, fever, and respiratory tract infection symptoms | Nasopharyngeal swabs | 78 (100%) | — | — | [50] |
| Song | 51 | The most common symptoms were fever (49 of 51, 96%) and cough (24 of 51, 47%). Other symptoms included myalgia or fatigue (16 of 51, 31%), mild headache and dizziness (eight of 51, 16%), and diarrhea (five of 51, 10%) | | 51 (100%) | — | — | [51] |
| Wu | 80 | 61/80 (76%) of patients had fever, 58/80 (73%) of patients had cough, 11/80 (14%) of patients had expectoration, 5/80 (6%) of patients had chest pain, 13/80 (16%) of patients had muscle ache, 7/80 (9%) of patients had abdominal pain or diarrhea, 9/80 (11%) of patients had pharyngeal discomfort, 8/80 (10%) of patients had dizziness or headache, 7/80 (9%) of patients had dyspnea, and 3/80 of patients (4%) had blood in sputum | Throat swabs or lower respiratory tract blood samples | 80 (100%) | — | — | [52] |
| Xia | 30 | — | Respiratory or blood specimens
Tears and conjunctival secretions (conjunctival swab)
Sputum sample | 1 patient had positive results in conjunctival swab samples and sputum samples (3%) | 29 patients had negative conjunctival swab samples (97%) | — | [53] |
| Xie | 167 | Case 1: fever and mild cough
Case 2: fever of 39°C
Case 3: cough, dizziness, and debility, but had no fever
Case 4: fever
Case 5: fever | | In 7 (4%), CT was initially negative while RT-PCR was positive/in 155 (93%), both RT-PCR and CT were concordant for COVID-19 | 5 (3%) initially had negative RT-PCR but positive chest CT/in 155 (93%), both RT-PCR and CT were concordant for COVID-19 | — | [54] |
| Zhang | 140 | The most commonly experienced symptoms were fever (91.7%), followed by cough (75%), fatigue (75%), and chest tightness or dyspnea (36.7%). 39.6% of them complained of gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, diarrhea, poor appetite, abdominal pain, belching, and emesis | Pharyngeal swab | 140 (100%) | — | — | [55] |
| Zhao | 101 | Fever: 79 (78.2%)
Cough: 63 (62.4%)
Myalgia or fatigue: 17 (16.8%)
Sore throat: 12 (11.9%)
Dyspnea: 1 (1.0%)
Diarrhea: 3 (3.0%)
Nausea and vomiting: 2 (2.0%)
More than one symptom: 67 (66.3%)
None: 2 (2.0%) | | 101 (100%) | — | — | [56] |
| Feng | 15 | Five of the 15 children were febrile, and 10 were asymptomatic | Nasal or pharyngeal swab samples | 15 (100%) | — | — | [57] |
| Li | 83 | Fever 72 (86.7%), cough 65 (78.3%), expectoration 15 (18.1%), and myalgia 15 (18.1%). Less common symptoms were headache, dyspnea, abdominal pain/diarrhea, pharyngeal discomfort, and chest pain | | 83 (100%) | — | — | [58] |
| Kim | 28 | Cough (28.6%), sore throat (28.6%), fever (25.0%), diarrhea (10.7%) myalgia, and headache (7, 25.0%) | RT-PCR: nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab with or without sputum | 28 (100%) | — | E gene | [59] |
| Chen | 42 | Fever (85.71%), dry cough (52.38%), fatigue (52.38%), myalgia (23.81%), and dyspnea (21.43%). Sputum production (16.67%), pharyngalgia (14.29%), headache or dizziness (11.9%), diarrhea (16.67%), abdominal pain (11.95%), nausea (9.52%), and vomiting (7.14%) | RT-PCR: pharyngeal swab, stool, and urine | Pharyngeal swab 42 (100%) | — | — | [60] |
| Stool 28 (66.67%) | 14 (33.33%) | |
| Urine 32 (76.19%) | 10 (23.81%) | |
| Huang | 30 | Fever (84%), cough (72%), chills (24%), fatigue (40%), myalgia (12%), and loss of appetite (40%) | RT-PCR | 30 (100%) | — | — | [61] |
| Cheng | 33 | Fever (72.7%), cough (63.6%), muscle ache (27.3%), diarrhea (9.1%), sore throat (9.1%), and sputum (27.3%) | Real-time RT-PCR: throat swab | 11 (33.3%) | 22 (66.7%) | — | [62] |
| Himoto | 21 | — | Real-time RT-PCR | 6 (29%) | 15 (71%) | — | [63] |
| Lei | 14 | Fever (50%), cough (50%), headache (14%), fatigue (21%), body soreness (7%), and diarrhea (21%) | Real-time RT-PCR: sputum | 14 (100%) | — | — | [64] |
| Caruso | 158 | Fever (61%), cough (56%), and dyspnea (33%) | Real-time RT-PCR: nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs | 62 (39%) | 96 (61%) | — | [65] |
| Chan | 15 | — | Real-time RT-PCR respiratory tract specimen, urine, rectal swab, and feces | 15 (100%) | — | RdRp, Hel, S, and N genes of SARS-CoV-2 | [66] |
| Chen | 249 | Fever (87.1%), cough (36.5%), fatigue (39 (15.7%)), dizziness and headache (11.2%), sore throat (6.4%), rhinorrhea (6.8%), diarrhea (3.2%), and inappetence 8 (3.2%) | PCR: upper respiratory tract specimens throat swab samples | 249 (100%) | — | — | [67] |
| Albano | 65 | — | RT-PCR | 5 (7.7%) | — | — | [68] |
| Chao Yan | 130 | — | Bronchoalveolar swabs and fluid | 58 (44.6%) | 72 (55.4%) | orf1ab-4 and S-123 | [69] |
| Liang Su | 14 | Fever (57.1%), cough (35.7%), chest tightness/pain (21.4%), fatigue (21.4%), and sore throat (7.1%) | Sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs | 14 (100%) | — | ORF1ab/N | [70] |
| Yun Ling | 66 | Fever, cough, and dyspnea | Oropharyngeal swabs stool, urine, and blood specimens | 11 (17%) | 55 (83%) | — | [71] |
| Kelvin Kai-Wang To | 30 | Fever in 22 patients (96%), followed by cough in five (22%), chills in four (17%), and dyspnea in four (17%) | Blood, urine, posterior oropharyngeal saliva, and rectal swabs | 23 (77%) | 7 (23%) | In-house reverse transcriptase quantitative
PCR (RT-qPCR) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase-helicase gene region | [72] |
| Lu Lin | 95 | Fever or respiratory symptoms
Diarrhea: 23 (24.2%)/anorexia: 17 (17.9%)/nausea: 17 (17.9%)/vomiting: 4 (4.2%)/vomiting: 2 (2.1%) | Pharyngeal swab | 58 (61%) | 37 (39%) | ORF1ab/N | [73] |
| Yinxiaohe Sun | 788 | — | Sputum, nasopharyngeal swabs, or throat swabs | 54 (7%) | 734 (93%) | — | [74] |
| Chunqin Long | 36 | Fever (36/36, 100%), cough (27/36, 75.0%), myalgia or fatigue (14/36, 38.9%), and nausea or diarrhea (6/36, 16.6%) | | 30 (83%) | 6 (17%) | — | [75] |
| Feng Pan | 21 | Fever (86%) and cough (57%) | | 21 (100%) | — | — | [76] |
| Rui Liu | 4880 | Fever (100%), cough and hard breath, or both | Nasal and pharyngeal swabs | 1875 (38.5%) | 3005 (61.5%) | 1ab (ORF1ab) and nucleocapsid protein (NP) genes | [77] |
| Xiaobing Wang | 1012 | Fever (761 of 1012, 75.2%), cough (531 of 1012, 52.4%), dyspnea (231 of 1012, 22.8%), expectoration (220 of 1012, 21.7%), chills (182 of 1012, 18.0%), myalgia (170 of 1012, 16.8%), headache (152 of 1012, 15.0%), diarrhea (152 of 1012, 15.0%), sore throat (144 of 1012, 14.2%), nasal congestion (69 of 1012, 6.9%), runny nose (57 of 1012, 5.6%), abdominal pain (37 of 1012, 3.7%), and vomiting (36 of 1012, 3.6%) | Sputum or nasopharynx swabs | 311 (30.5%) | 701 (69.5%) | — | [78] |
| Jian Wu | 80 | Fever: 63 (78.75%), cough: 51 (63.75%), and shortness of breath: 30 (37.5%). Muscle ache: 18 (22.50%), headache and mental disorder symptoms: 13 (16.25%), diarrhea: 1 (1.25%), and chest pain: 3 (3.75%) | Nose swab and/or throat swab | 80 (100%) | — | Nucleocapsid (N) gene and open reading frame lab (ORF1ab) gene | [79] |
|
