Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Nontyphoidal Salmonella from Beef in Ambo and Holeta Towns, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Table 7

Univariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with meat contamination with Salmonella in butcher and restaurants of Ambo and Holeta towns.

Variables	Categories	Tested	Pos.	%	OR	95% CI	value
Source	Restaurants	118	5	4.2	1.0
	Butchers	118	10	8.5	2.0	0.7–6.3	0.110
Sex	Female	124	5	4.5	1.0
	Male	112	10	8.1	1.9	0.6–5.7	0.264
Age in years	≤24	89	2	2.1	1.0
	25–30	96	9	9.4	3.7	0.7–21.0	0.139
	≥31	51	4	7.8	4.5	0.9–21.4	0.059
Marital status	Single	106	6	5.7	1.0
	Married and divorced	130	9	6.9	1.2	0.4–3.3	0.693
Residence	Rural	106	6	5.7	1.0
	Urban	130	9	6.9	1.2	0.4–3.3	0.693
Religion	Orthodox	186	8	4.3	1.0
	Protestant	50	7	14	3.6	1.3–10.5	0.018
Education	Secondary and above	27	5	18.5	1.0
	Primary	147	8	5.4	1.7	0.4–8.4	0.498
	Illiterate	62	2	3.2	6.8	1.2–37.7	0.028
Experience in years	<1	51	2	3.9	1.0
	1–3	133	9	6.8	1.8	0.4–8.5	0.472
	≥4	52	4	7.7	2.0	0.4–11.7	0.422
Has information about food safety and hygiene	No	183	13	7.1	1.0
	Yes	53	2	3.8	1.9	0.4–8.9	0.390
As training on food safety and hygiene	Yes	35	7	20	1.0
	No	201	8	4.0	6.0	2.0–17.9	0.001
Time spend on the work per day	8–12 hrs	122	2	1.6	1.0
	≥13 hrs	114	13	11.4	7.7	1.7–35.0	0.008
Knows food safety and hygiene	Yes	131	2	1.5	1.0
	No	105	13	12.4	9.1	2.0–41.4	0.004
Practice food safety and hygiene	Yes	131	7	5.3	1.0
	No	105	8	7.6	1.5	0.5–4.2	0.479
Sanitation of butcher/restaurants	Fair	26	5	19.2	1.0
	Good	127	5	3.9	1.6	0.4–5.6	0.491
	Poor	83	5	4.8	5.8	1.6–21.8	0.009
Hygiene of slicing material	Fair	14	4	28.6	1.0
	Good	146	7	4.8	1.1	0.3–3.9	0.879
	Poor	76	4	5.3	7.94	2.0–31.8	0.003
Hygiene of cutting board	Good	18	3	16.7	1.0
	Fair	127	7	5.5	1.0	0.3–3.3	0.996
	Poor	91	5	5.5	4.4	0.7–15.9	0.114
Hygiene of food handlers	Good	24	6	25.0	1.0
	Fair	114	6	5.3	1.8	0.4–7.2	0.433
	Poor	98	3	3.1	10	2.5–46.1	0.002
Refrigerator using	Yes	222	14	6.4	1.0
	No	14	1	7.1	1.1	0.1–9.4	0.901
Presence of insect	No	187	12	6.4	1.0
	Yes	49	3	6.1	1.1	0.3–3.9	0.940
Presence of rodents	Yes	53	2	1.9	1.0
	No	183	13	7.1	1.9	0.4–8.9	0.390