Antimicrobial Resistance among Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections Attending Antenatal Clinic at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital (LMUTH), Lusaka, Zambia

Table 4

Multivariant determinants of antimicrobial resistance.

Predictors	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Age group
18–24	1
25–29	0.96 (0.32–2.81)	0.920	0.79 (0.17–3.72)	0.765
30–34	1.05 (0.35–3.18)	0.931	0.82 (0.14–4.69)	0.827
>35	0.44 (0.14–1.40)	0.163	0.15 (0.02–1.04)	0.055
Marital status
Single	1	0.324	1
Married	0.58 (0.20–1.71)		0.44 (0.07–2.65)	0.368
Education
Primary	1		1
Secondary	1.95 (0.64–5.94)	0.239	3.20 (0.55–18.4)	0.195
Tertiary	1.23 (0.39–3.86)	0.726	1.94 (0.28–13.7)	0.505
Trimester
1^st	1		1
2^nd	0.38 (0.10–1.47)	0.160	0.61 (0.11–3.34)	0.572
3^rd	0.48 (0.12–1.93)	0.299	0.68 (0.10–4.72)	0.695
Residence
High density	1		1
Medium density	0.70 (0.28–1.73)	0.438	1.52 (0.35–6.52)	0.574
Low density	0.72 (0.26–1.98)	0.523	0.52 (0.10–2.79)	0.449
History of UTI
No	1
Yes	1.19 (0.38–3.75)	0.770	2.86 (0.13–61.2)	0.502
HIV status
Negative	1		1
Positive	1.29 (0.59–2.85)	0.524	2.60 (0.68–9.88)	0.162
Income
Low (0–1500)	1		1
Medium (1500–3000)	1.03 (0.44–2.40)	0.950	0.62 (0.14–2.80)	0.538
High (≥3000)	0.77 (0.26–2.32)	0.647	0.56 (0.07–4.27)	0.578
Kidney infection
No	1		1
Yes	0.27 (0.04–1.69)	0.161	0.29 (0.03–3.35)	0.321
Duration of antibiotic use
7 days	1		1
14 days	0.88 (0.33–2.31)	0.794	0.78 (0.20–3.06)	0.725
Current use of antibiotics
No	1		1
Yes	0.89 (0.35–2.30)	0.815	0.50 (0.13–1.94)	0.313
Symptoms
Dysuria/nocturia/urgency	1		1
Dysuria	1.11 (0.47–2.64)	0.816	1.00 (0.28–3.64)	0.998
Haematuria	1.16 (0.35–3.87)	0.805	1.78 (0.25–12.7)	0.565