Campylobacter jejuni from Slaughter Age Broiler Chickens: Genetic Characterization, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Table 1

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), primers, and PCR conditions used in this study.

	Target gene	Primer	Primer sequence (5′ ⟶ 3′)	Conditions	Amplicon size (bp)	References
Tetracycline	tet(A)	TETA-FTETA-R	GCGCTNTATGCGTTGATGCAACAGCCCGTCAGGAAATT	94°C for 6 min (1x), 94°C for 30 s, 62°C for 30 s, 72°C for 60 s (30x), and 72°C for 6 min	387	[31]
	tet(O)	TETO-FTETO-R	ACGGARAGTTTATTGTATACCTGGCGTATCTATAATGTTGAC	94°C for 6 min (1x), 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 60 s (30x), and 72°C for 6 min	171	[32]
	tet(X)	TETX-FTETX-R	CCGACACGGAAGTTGAAGAACCTTGGTGAGATGCCATTAGC	94°C for 6 min (1x), 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 60 s (30x), and 72°C for 6 min	468	[32]
	tet(P)	TETP-FTETP-R	CTTGGATTGCGGAAGAAGAGATATGCCCATTTAACCACGC	94°C for 6 min (1x), 94°C for 30 s, 63°C for 30 s, 72°C for 60 s (30x), and 72°C for 6 min	676	[33]
	tet(W)	TETW-FTETW-R	GAGAGCCTGCTATATGCCAGCGGGCGTATCCACAATGTTAAC	94°C for 6 min (1x), 94°C for 30 s, 64°C for 30 s, 72°C for 60 s (30x), and 72°C for 6 min	168	[33]
Erythromycin	ermB	ERMB-FERMB-R	GCATTTAACGACGAAACTGGCTGACAATACTTGCTCATAAGTAATGGT	95°C for 2 min (1x), 95°C for 30 s, 60°C for 45 s, 72°C for 1 min (35x), and 72°C for 7 min	573	[34]
Colistin	mcr-1	mcr-1-Fmcr-1-R	TATCGCTATGTGCTAAAGCCTGCGTCTGCAGCCACTGGG	94°C for 5 min and 25 cycles, 94°C for 30 s, 56°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 5 min	1139	[35]
	mcr-2	mcr-2-Fmcr-2-R	TATCGCTATGTGCTAAAGCCTGAAAATACTGCGTGGCAGGTAGC		816	[35]
	mcr-3	mcr-3-Fmcr-3-R	CAATCGTTAGTTACACAATGATGAAGAACACATCTAGCAGGCCCTC		676	[35]
	mcr-4	mcr-4-Fmcr-4-R	ATCCTGCTGAAGCATTGATGGCGCGCAGTTTCACC		405	[35]
	mcr-5	mcr-5-Fmcr-5-R	GGTTGAGCGGCTATGAACGAATGTTGACGTCACTACGG		207	[35]
Ampicillin	ampC	AmpC FAmpC R	GTGACCAGATACTGGCCACATTACTGTAGCGCCTCGAGGA	95°C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 60°C for 45 s, 72°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 7 min	822	[36]
Chloramphenicol	catI	catI FcatI R	GGTGATATGGGATAGTGTTCCATCACATACTGCATGATG	1 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s at 95°C, 30 s at 60°C, and 30 s at 72°C	349	[37]
	catII	catII FcatII R	GATTGACCTGAATACCTGGAACCATCACATACTGCATGATG		567	[37]
	catIII	catIII FCatIII R	CCATACTCATCCGATATTGACCATCACATACTGCATGATG		275	[37]
	catIV	CatIV F catIV R	CCGGTAAAGCGAAATTGTATCCATCACATACTGCATGATG		451	[37]
	floR	FloR FFloR R	CGCCGTCATTCCTCACCTTCGATCACGGGCCACGCTGTGTC	1 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s at 95°C, 30 s at 50°C, and 30 s at 72°C	215	[37]
Integrons	IntI1	IntI1-FIntI1-R	GCCTTGCTGTTCTTCTACGGGATGCCTGCTTGTTCTACGG	94°C for 5 min (1x); 30 s at 94°C, 30 s, 55–60°C, 2 min at 72°C (35x), and 5 min at 72°C	558	[35]
	IntI2	IntI2-FIntI2-R	CACGGATATGCGACAAAAAGGTGTAGCAAACGAGTGACGAAATG	94°C for 5 min (1x); 94°C for 1 min, 60°C for 1 min, 72°C for 2 min (32x), and 72°C for 10 min	740	[35]