|
| No | Authors | Study design | Populations | Exposures | Target phyla/genera/families/others | Indicators for assessing the activity of SLE | Results |
|
| Human study |
|
| 1. | Cuervo et al. [25] | Case control | Female SLE patients (n = 20) | Dihydrochalcones (from apple) | Bifidobacterium | Not informed | Increased microbial diversity in line with polyphenol intake |
| Flavanones (95% from oranges and their products) | Lactobacillus |
| Flavones (mainly from oranges and their products) | Blautia |
| Mice model studies |
|
| 2. | Zhang et al. [14] | Clinical trial | MRL/Mp-Faslpr (MRL/lpr) mice | Retinoic acid (RA) suspended in canola oil as the vehicle; 6 mg RA/kgBW daily from 6 to 14 weeks of age | Lactobacillaceae | Lupus disease parameter: lymphadenopathy and glomerulonephritis | Significant improvement of lupus symptoms |
| Erysipelotrichaceae | Not informed |
| Vitamin A-retinoic acid (VARA) consists of 11.2 mg all-trans-retinyl palmitate (RP)/kgBW was mixed with 0.6 mg RA/kgBB daily from 6 to 14 weeks of age | Lachnospiraceae | Lupus disease parameter: lymphadenopathy and glomerulonephritis | Worsened lupus symptoms |
| Rikenellaceae | Not informed |
| Erysipelotrichaceae | Combination with RA decreased Erysipelotrichaceae composition |
|
| 3. | Johnson et al. [30] | Clinical trial | Female SWR x NZB F1 (SNF1) mice | Neutral water (NW) pH 7.0–7.2 | Rikenellaceae family | Not informed | In prenephritic stage: positive correlation between Rikenellaceae with NW treatment |
| Pedobacter kwangyangensis and Flavobacterium antarcticum | In prenephritic stage: higher level of Bacteroidetes and low ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes |
| Acidic water (AW) pH 3.0–3.2 | Lactobacillus reuteri and Turicibacter spp. | In nephritic stage: contributes to higher average Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio than the NW group |
| Christensenellaceae family, Ruminococcus gnavus, Peptoniphilus coxii, Caloramator mitchellensis, Lactobacillus hayakitensis, L. intermedius, L. siliginis, L. equi, Peptoniphilus methioninivorax, Trichodesmium hildebrandti, Hydrocarboniphaga daqingensis, Polaribacter butkevichii | Positive association between AW diet and microbial diversity |
|
| 4. | Edwards et al. [28] | Clinical trial | Female MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J (MRL/lpr) mice | Chow diets (3 until 16 weeks of age): | Lachnospiraceae | Not informed | Lachnospiraceae higher in 2018 diet compared to RD diet and 7013 diet |
| (1) RD diet (open standard diet D11112226 purified-ingredients diet): |
| (i) Casein (undetectable level of isoflavones) |
| (ii) Slightly lower in vitamin A, vitamin K, niacin, and pantothenic acid |
| (iii) Soluble fiber inulin |
| (iv) Higher concentration of carbohydrates |
| (2) 7013 diet (7013 NIH-31 modified 6% mouse/rat sterilizable diet) |
| (i) Fish meal, soybean meal, and alfalfa meal (moderate level of isoflavones) |
| (ii) Mixture of plant-derived soluble and insoluble fibers |
| (3) 2018 diet (Commercial 2018 Teklad Global 18% Protein Rodent Diet): |
| (i) Soybean meal (highest level of isoflavones) |
| (ii) Higher concentrations of vitamin E and B vitamins riboflavin, biotin and pyridoxine–HCl than RD diet and 7013 diet |
| (iii) Mixture of plant-derived soluble and insoluble fibers | Lactobacillaceae | Only negligible levels among all diet groups |
|
| 5. | Zegarra-Ruiz et al. [27] | Clinical trial | Female lupus-prone TLR7.1Tg C57BL/6 (TLR7.1Tg) mice | RS diet (TD. 150492 for SPF and TD. 160604 for GF mice) enriched for hi-maize 260 (40 g/kg) (7 or 11 weeks according to the experimental setup or up to 32 weeks of age or time of death for survival studies) | Clostridiales | Integrity of epithelial using FITC-dextran (Growth and translocation) | Positive association between diet and microbial composition. Capable of fermenting RS into SCFAs. |
| L. reuteri | Inverse correlation between diet and microbial composition. Decreased translocation in RS diet has a positive effect on SLE. |
|
| 6. | Choi et al. [26] | Clinical trial | Female triple congenic lupus-prone mice (B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3) stimulated (TC mice) | High dietary tryptophan (at 6 weeks of age for 4 months) | Paraprevotella, Lactobacillus, Prevotellaceae, and Bacteroides dorei | Fecal transfers from TC mice fed tryptophan into GF B6 mice to test functional consequences due to microbial changes | Lupus-associated phenotypes (higher cell number in mesenteric lymph node and serum anti-dsDNA IgM, number of Tfh, Th17, germinal center B cell, and plasma cell) |
|
| 7. | Abdelhamid et al. [29] | Clinical trial | Pristane-treated Balb/c mice | Daily all-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) diet 1 mg/kg body weight and adjusted according to body weight obtained biweekly from 3 to 9 months of age | Clostridiales | Not informed | Increased microbial diversity in line with the treatment at 2 weeks after pristane injection |
| Bacteroidales | Glomerular pathological score and proteinuria level | Positive correlation between diet, microbial composition, and glomerular pathological scores at 10 weeks after pristane injection |
| Firmicutes | Not informed | Decreased Firmicutes/Bacteoidetes ratio, similar in active disease of SLE |
|
