Papaverine Enhances the Oncolytic Effects of Newcastle Disease Virus on Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Figure 1

Oncolytic AMHA1 NDV and papaverine are cytotoxic against human AMJ13 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells but not cytotoxic to normal cells. The cells were treated with (a–c) NDV (MOI 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20) and with (d–f) papaverine (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μm/ml) for 72 h. Cytotoxicity was investigated using the MTT assay and showed that IC50 values of NDV were (2 MOI AMJ-13, 1.14 MOI MCF7, and 183 MOI normal cell line) and IC50 of papaverine were (62.12 μm AMJ-13, 72.62 μm MCF-7, and 393.8 μm on normal cell line). All data shown are the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)