Papaverine Enhances the Oncolytic Effects of Newcastle Disease Virus on Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Figure 11

Combined therapy of papaverine-NDV activated apoptosis pathway. (a) In vitro results, using AMJ13 human breast cancer cell line, and (b) in vivo results using AN3 mouse mammary adenocarcinoma model. Microarray analysis showed an increased expression of proapoptotic proteins; BCL-W, caspase-3, BID, HTRA2, and decreased expression of antiapoptotic factors, cIAP2, IGF-1, and IGF-2, as a mechanism for the combination therapy to induce cell death.

(a)

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