Papaverine Enhances the Oncolytic Effects of Newcastle Disease Virus on Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Figure 2

A combination of NDV and papaverine showed a superior cytotoxic effect in comparison to monotherapies in the human breast cancer AMJ13 cell line, which was treated with NDV (0.1, 1, and 2 MOI) and with (10, 25, and 50 μm/ml) papaverine. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay (a). (b-c) Illustrations of the dose-effect curve and normalized isobologram of nonconstant combination ratios were measured by the Chou–Talalay method, where the CI value quantitatively defines synergism. CI < 0.9, additive effect (CI = 0.9–1.1), and antagonism (CI > 1.1). All data shown are the mean ± SEM.

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