Papaverine Enhances the Oncolytic Effects of Newcastle Disease Virus on Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Figure 5

Investigation of the NDV-papaverine combined therapy to induce apoptosis in treated cells using acridine orange and propidium iodide. (a) AMJ13 and (b) MCF-7 cancer cells indicated that NDV, papaverine alone and their combination induce apoptosis, as evidenced by red-stained cells, (c) untreated control cells emitting green fluorescence cells, and (d and e) show the number of apoptotic cells is higher in the combination treatment than monotherapies (f) with insignificant differences in the number of both apoptotic and viable cells in the normal cell line. Values represent the mean ± SD. ns,  < 0.05,  < 0.01,  < 0.001, and  < 0.0001. The magnification of all images was 400x.