Enteric Protozoan Parasitosis and Associated Factors among Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus in a Teaching Hospital in Ghana

Table 3

Risk factors of intestinal protozoa infections among the study participants.

Characteristics	Enteric protozoan parasites		COR (95% CI)	value	AOR (95% CI)	value
	Negative (n = 165)	Positive (n = 75)
Age group
<60	96 (58.18)	36 (48.00)	1		1
60+	69 (41.82)	39 (52.00)	1.51 (0.87–2.61)	0.143	0.68 (0.24–1.93)	0.467
Gender
Female	127 (76.97)	62 (82.67)	1		—	—
Male	38 (23.03)	13 (17.33)	0.70 (0.35–1.41)	0.319	—	—
Educational status
No formal education	41 (24.85)	24 (32.00)	1		1
Primary	55 (33.33)	31 (41.33)	0.96 (0.49–1.88)	0.912	0.78 (0.37–1.67)	0.528
Secondary	25 (15.15)	6 (8.00)	0.41 (0.15–1.14)	0.088	0.54 (0.17–1.73)	0.296
Tertiary	44 (26.67)	14 (18.67)	0.54 (0.25–1.19)	0.128	0.64 (0.26–1.56)	0.321
Employment status
Not employed	59 (35.76)	27 (36.00)	1		—	—
Employed	106 (64.24)	48 (64.00)	0.99 (0.56–1.75)	0.971	—	—
Diabetes status
Nondiabetics	87 (52.73)	13 (17.33)	1		1
Diabetics	78 (47.27)	62 (82.67)	5.32 (2.72–10.41)	<0.001	3.48 (1.55–7.79)	0.002
Years with condition
0	87 (52.73)	13 (17.33)	1		1
1	4 (2.42)	1 (1.33)	1.67 (0.17–16.15)	0.656	1.46 (0.14–15.36)	0.751
2 to 5	8 (4.85)	4 (5.33)	3.35 (0.88–12.71)	0.076	2.67 (0.64–11.18)	0.179
>5	66 (40.0)	57 (76.00)	5.78 (2.92–11.43)	<0.001	3.83 (1.65–8.86)	0.002
Has comorbidity
No	99 (60.00)	19 (25.33)	1		1
Yes	66 (40.00)	56 (74.67)	4.42 (2.41–8.11)	<0.001	2.93 (1.33–6.45)	0.008
Awareness of deworming
No	51 (30.91)	31 (41.33)	1		1
Yes	114 (69.09)	44 (58.67)	0.64 (0.36–1.12)	0.116	0.53 (0.27–1.04)	0.066
Dewormed in the last 3 months
No	97 (58.79)	40 (53.33)	1		—	—
Yes	68 (41.21)	35 (46.67)	1.25 (0.72–2.16)	0.429	—	—

COR: crude odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; 1: reference.