Abstract
A dimensional Burgers equation and a coupled higher dimensional Burgers system is studied by the singular manifold method. The Bäcklund transformations are obtained. Some interesting exact solutions are given. Then localized structures, such as dromion and solitoff, are found, and their interaction properties are numerically studied. The fusion phenomena of two dromions, a dromion and a solitoff, are for the first time reported.
1. Introduction
The solitary wave solutions of dimensional PDEs have been studied quite well and widely applied in many fields of physics [1, 2]. In dimensional, some significant nonlinear physical models such as the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation [3], Davey-Stewartson (DS) equation [4] and so forth. have been established. And some special types of localized solutions, dromions and solitoffs, for example, are obtained for these higher-dimensional models by means of different appropriates [5, 6]. Dromions are exact, localized solutions of dimensional evolution equations and decay exponentially in all directions. Solitoffs constitute an intermediate state between dromions and plane solitons, since they decay exponentially in all directions except a preferred one. Although some generalized dromion and solitoff structures have been exposed [7, 8], the construction of localized excitations in dimensions is still a challenging and rewarding problem.
In this paper, we consider the construction of localized structures in a -dimensional Burgers equation [9]:
and a coupled higher-dimensional Burgers system of the form [10, 11]
Equation (1.1) reduces to the well-known Burgers equation when . Recently, Kaya and Yokus [12] obtained some plane solitary wave solutions by a modified Adomian's decomposition method. However, localized structures of (1.1) and (1.2) have not yet been reported, to our knowledge.
The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, a general functional separation solution containing two arbitrary functions is obtained for (1.1). Equation (1.2) is transformed into a single heat equation by a function transformation in Section 3. Exact solutions and localized structures are discussed in Section 4, and their interaction properties are numerically studied. The conclusion and discussion are given in Section 5.
2. A General Solution to (1.1)
Under the transformation , (1.1) is converted into a set of couple of nonlinear partial differential equations:
According to the singular manifold method [13, 14], we truncate the Painlevé expansion of (2.1) at the constant level term
where is the singular manifold, and is an arbitrary seed solution of (2.1). Substituting (2.2) into (2.1) and equating the coefficients of like powers of yield
where satisfies the equation
which is called the singular manifold equation. Equations (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4) constitute an auto-Bäcklund transformation for (2.1) in terms of the singular manifold . If we take , , then
where satisfies
Equations (2.5) and (2.6) are another auto-Bäcklund transformation for (1.1). If we take , , the Cole-Hopf type transformation or hetero-Bäcklund transformation
where satisfies
is obtained for -dimensional Burgers equation (1.1). Now, we take the special seed solution as
where is an arbitrary function of indicated variables. It can be directly checked that (2.4) with (2.9) has the nonlinear separation solution
with and being arbitrary functions of indicated variables if we take
Thus, the direct calculation from (2.2), (2.3), (2.9), and (2.10) yields a general functional separation solution of(1.1)
with and being arbitrary functions of indicated variables. The solution generated this way involves two arbitrary functions of space and time variables without any restriction. This implies that we can study a large diversity of solution structures for the -dimensional Burgers equation (1.1) by selecting appropriately these arbitrary functions in (2.12). It is necessary to point out that the -dimensional Burgers equation (1.1) possesses some special types of localized coherent structures for the following potential field:
rather than the physical field itself.
3. The Linearization of (1.2)
Through a similar analysis, we obtain the following auto-Bäcklund transformation of (1.2):
where is the seed solution to (1.2) and satisfies the equation
with the constraint . Taking the seed solution , one obtains a new Bäcklund transformation (2.5), along with , for (1.2) with satisfying
If taking the trivial seed solution , the Cole-Hopf type transformation
with satisfying
is obtained for (1.2). Thus, the nonlinear equation (1.2) is linearized into (3.5) by the transformation (3.4). Through (3.5), one may obtain many interesting solution structures of (1.2). However, the coupled higher-dimensional Burgers system (1.2) possesses special types of localized coherent structures for the potential field , rather than the physical field or itself.
4. Special Exact Solutions and Localized Structures for (1.1) and (1.2)
By selecting appropriately these arbitrary functions in (2.12), we can study many interesting solution structures for the -dimensional Burgers equation (1.1). Two new cases are considered as an illustrative example, and others can be obtained in a similar way to that in [9, 13].
Case 1. We have , .
From (2.12), one gets an exact solution of (1.1)
It follows from (2.13) that
which is a three-dromion-like structure (two dromions-like and one anti-dromion-like), ant its evolution with time is shown in Figure 1 with parameters , , , and , respectively. One can easily see that the interaction of three dromions-like is inelastic.
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Case 2. We have , .
Another exact solution of (1.1) reads
The corresponding localized structure is
which is a four dromions-like solution. Its evolution figures are very similar to those in Case 1 and thus omitted. In what follows, the stress is played on solution structures for the coupled higher-dimensional Burgers system (1.2). For the exact solution (3.4) of (1.2), the function must satisfies (3.5). Some meaningful cases are considered.
Case 3. We have .
From (3.4), one obtain
a shock wave solution of (1.2).
Case 4. We have .
It follows from (3.4) that
a new exact solution for (1.2).
Case 5. We have .
From (3.4), one gets another new exact solution for (1.2)
Note that are arbitrary constants, where guarantees that the expression (4.7) has no singularity. For exact solution (4.7), the corresponding localized structure is
When , (4.8) is a one dromion structure. Its typical spatial structure is depicted in Figure 2 with the parameters and . When , (4.8) is a one solitoff structure. Its typical spatial structure is shown in Figure 3 with the parameters and . Now, we study two kinds of interesting nonlinear interaction phenomena for localized structures of (1.2), which are not reported yet in literature to our knowledge.
Case 6. We have .
In this case, the localized structure of (1.2) reads
which is a two-dromion-like (a dromion-like and an anti-dromion-like) structure. And its evolution is illustrated in Figure 4 with the parameters and , respectively. From the figures, we see that two dromions-like are fused into a dromion-like after their interaction.
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Case 7. We have .
This case is obtained from the above one through dropping the third exponential term. Thus, the localized structure is
which is a combination structure of one dromion-like and one solitoff-like. And its evolution is shown in Figure 5 with the same parameter values as those in Figure 4. One can easily see from the figures that a dromions-like and a solitoff-like are fused into a solitoff-like after their interaction.
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5. Conclusion and Discussion
We have obtained auto-Bäcklund transformations, Cole-Hopf ones, and a general functional separation solution containing two arbitrary functions for the -dimensional Burgers equation by means of choosing different seed solutions in the singular manifold method, and a coupled higher-dimensional Burgers system (1.2) has been linearized. It is pointed out that the equations of interest possess some special types of localized coherent structures for the potential field rather than the physical field or itself. For (1.1), we find that the interaction of three dromions-like is inelastic. As far as (1.2) is concerned, it is found that two dromions-like can be fused into one while a dromion-like and a solitoff-like can be fused into a solitoff-like, which are not reported previously in the literature.
The singular manifold method is a powerful tool for obtaining exact solutions of nonlinear PDEs. Usually, the seed solution is taken as the trivial one in order to get the solution of the singular manifold equation. Due to the introduction of two arbitrary functions in our singular manifold function, one can study a variety of solution structures by choosing appropriately these arbitrary functions. Even more, the equation of interest may be linearized.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (no. 20070486094).