The Noncentral Version of the Whitney Numbers: A Comprehensive Study

Mangontarum, Mahid M.; Cauntongan, Omar I.; Macodi-Ringia, Amila P.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6206207

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 6206207 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6206207

The Noncentral Version of the Whitney Numbers: A Comprehensive Study

Mahid M. Mangontarum,¹Omar I. Cauntongan,²and Amila P. Macodi-Ringia¹

Academic Editor: Palle E. Jorgensen

Received30 Dec 2015

Accepted15 Mar 2016

Published07 Apr 2016

Abstract

This paper is a comprehensive study of a certain generalization of Whitney-type and Stirling-type numbers which unifies the classical Whitney numbers, the translated Whitney numbers, the classical Stirling numbers, and the noncentral Stirling (or -Stirling) numbers. Several identities, applications, and occurrences are also presented.

1. Introduction

For a finite group of order , the Dowling lattice of rank , denoted by , associated with is defined by Dowling [1] as a class of geometric lattices and is known to generalize the partition lattice. Following this, Benoumhani [2] defined the Whitney numbers of the first and second kind of , denoted by and , respectively, as coefficients in the expansions of the relations where Fundamental properties of these numbers were mostly established by Benoumhani [2–4].

In a recent paper, Belbachir and Bousbaa [5] defined the translated Whitney numbers of the first kind and second kind to be the number of permutations (resp., partitions) of elements with cycles (resp., parts) such that the elements of each cycle (resp., parts) can mutate in ways except for the dominant one. These numbers are known to obey the following relations: where Further study of these numbers was done due to Mangontarum et al. [6] and Mangontarum and Dibagulun [7].

It is important to note that the numbers in (1), (3), and (4) are known to be generalizations of the well-known Stirling numbers [8]. To be more precise, if is the trivial group (), it can be easily verified that Similarly, when in (3) and in (4), where and denote the classical Stirling numbers of the first and second kind, respectively. Moreover, we have In line with this, Mező [9] defined the -Whitney numbers and of the first and second kind via expressions respectively, to obtain remarkable formulas related to the Bernoulli and Harmonic polynomials. Notice that by suitable assignments of parameters, the previously mentioned numbers appear to be particular cases of (9) and (10). Further combinatorial and algebraic properties of these numbers were later on studied by Cheon and Jung [10] and Mező and Ramirez [11].

The motivation of this paper is partly influenced by the pair of generalizations of the numbers and earlier considered by Koutras [12] which were defined by the relations where the following notations are used: noncentral Stirling numbers of the first kind, noncentral Stirling numbers of the second kind.

Note that these numbers can be shown to be equivalent to Broder’s [13] -Stirling numbers. However, the methods by which the former were defined appear to be of distinct motivation (cf. [13, equations and ]). Keeping this in mind, we propose “noncentral” versions for the classical Whitney numbers parallel to the work of Koutras as seen in (11) and (12). These will serve as unified generalizations of all the abovementioned sequences of special numbers. In this comprehensive study, we present fundamental combinatorial properties such as recurrence relations, generating functions and explicit formulas, and derive more results such as the orthogonality and the inverse relations, matrix decompositions, Hankel transform, and other notable identities. Several conjectures and questions are also mentioned for further research.

2. Definitions and Basic Properties

2.1. Noncentral Whitney Numbers of the First Kind

For any real numbers , , nonnegative integer , and positive integer , the expansion of in a Taylor series gives We define the noncentral Whitney numbers of the first kind, denoted by , as with the initial conditions and if or . Obviously, we have the next identity.

Proposition 1. The numbers satisfy the horizontal generating function

Notice that (15) is equivalent to when is replaced with . Hence, we can see that from (9) and (11) Moreover, From (15), one has Comparing coefficients of yields the next identity useful in finding the values of .

Proposition 2. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the first kind satisfy the following triangular recurrence relation:

It can be seen from this recurrence relation that The next corollary can be obtained by successive application of (20).

Corollary 3. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the first kind satisfy the following recurrence relations:

Note that (15) can be written as when is replaced with . We are now ready to state the following proposition.

Proposition 4. The exponential generating function of the sequence is given by

Proof. Multiplying both sides of (24) by and summing over gives us Since the left-hand side is just then we have Comparing the coefficients of completes the proof.

Theorem 5. The noncentral Whitney numbers satisfy the following relations:

Proof. Notice that (30) is an obvious consequence of (29). Hence, we only choose to prove (29). Note that multiplying by the defining relation for the Stirling numbers given by yields Comparing the coefficients of with (16) gives the desired result.

It is known that there is no simple method in expressing first kind Stirling-type numbers explicitly. In the next theorem, we express the numbers in elementary symmetric polynomial form by induction.

Theorem 6. The numbers satisfy the explicit formula

Proof. Note that the theorem yields , which is in line with the initial value of stated earlier in this section. Now, suppose the theorem holds up to for . Then by (20), Finally (33) yields when . This is in accordance with (22).

2.2. Noncentral Whitney Numbers of the Second Kind

Analogous to what is being done in (12), we define the noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind by for any real numbers and , nonnegative integer , and positive integer . Now, let . The known difference operator yields the explicit formula Hence we propose the following combinatorial properties of the numbers .

Proposition 7. An explicit formula for is given by Moreover, the exponential generating function of the sequence is given by while the horizontal generating function is

Replacing with in (40) yields Hence, The next identity is also immediately obtained.

Proposition 8. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy the following triangular recurrence relation:

Obviously, when . Also, from (23), we deduce the following.

Corollary 9. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy the following recurrence relations:

It is also possible to express in terms of the classical Stirling numbers of the second kind. To do so, note that Using the defining relation of the Stirling numbers of the second kind, we obtain Comparing the coefficients of with (40) yields Let us formally state this in the next theorem.

Theorem 10. The numbers satisfy the following identities:

Proof. The other equality follows directly.

The next theorem can be proved by similar method used to prove (33).

Theorem 11. The numbers satisfy the explicit formula in complete symmetric polynomial form given by

2.3. Application to the Bernoulli Polynomials

The well-known Bernoulli polynomials defined by the exponential generating function [9] where are the Bernoulli numbers. In relation to this, Mező [9] obtained some identities showing interesting relationships between the -Whitney numbers and the Bernoulli polynomials. The said identities are as follows: Note that when and in both (54) and (55), we obtain the classical identity [14]

Following the same method used by Mező [9] and through the aid of the exponential generating function in (25) and the identity we propose an analogous relationship between the Bernoulli polynomials and the noncentral Whitney numbers of both kinds as follows.

Proposition 12. The noncentral translated Whitney numbers and satisfy the following identities:

3. Matrix Relations for the Noncentral Whitney Numbers

3.1. Orthogonality and Inverse Relations

Proposition 13. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the first and second kind satisfy the following orthogonality relations: where is the Kronecker delta.

This proposition can be easily proved by combining (16) and (40).

Now, since when , then we have If we define to be the infinite matrix with as the ()th entries for and as similar matrix for then we have where is the infinite-dimensional identity matrix. Thus, , where is the inverse of .

Corollary 14. The following inverse relations hold:

3.2. Matrix Decomposition of the Noncentral Whitney Numbers

In a recent paper, Pan [15] introduced a remarkable matrix decomposition to give an explicit and nonrecursive way of computing the Unified Generalized Stirling numbers of Hsu and Shiue [16]. The said result is as follows [15, Theorem 7]: Here, the matrix is given by where is Hsu and Shiue’s [16] generalized Stirling numbers defined by It can be verified that the th entries of the matrices , , and are respectively.

Although the noncentral Whitney numbers can be written asit is not wise to assume that Hence, it is justifiable to establish the matrix decomposition for the noncentral Whitney numbers of both kinds. For convenience, we will refer to the matrices and as noncentral Whitney matrix of the first and second kind, respectively. Also, we let be an infinite column vector.

Remark 15. In reference to the relations in (15) and (40), the following identities seem natural:

Since and , then we have the following matrices: By using the “signed” translated Whitney numbers [7], the matrix can also be rewritten as Now, from (15), while the binomial theorem yields Thus, we have It can be shown using a similar manner that It then follows that

We are now ready to state the next theorem.

Theorem 16. The decomposition formulas of the matrices and are

Proof. Since then Combining this with (71) gives us where denotes an infinite-dimensional zero matrix. Consequently, because is an arbitrary real or complex number and is a nonzero vector, then Equation (81) can be shown similarly.

4. Noncentral Dowling and Noncentral Tanny-Dowling Polynomials

Benoumhani [2, 3] was the first to introduce the following familiar polynomials: and are known as the Dowling and the Tanny-Dowling polynomials. Moreover, when in (87), the resulting polynomial is called geometric polynomials [17] and was earlier studied by Tanny [18].

Denoted by and , the noncentral Dowling and the noncentral Tanny-Dowling polynomials can be defined as For brevity, we also call and as the noncentral Dowling and the noncentral Tanny-Dowling numbers, respectively. Notice that through the use of the exponential generating function in (39) and the explicit formula (38), the noncentral Dowling polynomials can be defined alternatively by (91) or explicitly by the Dobinski-type identity (92) in the following proposition.

Proposition 17. The following identities hold:

These identities are actually equivalent to those of the -Whitney polynomials when and are generalizations of the translated Dowling polynomials (cf. [6, equations and ]). As for the noncentral Tanny-Dowling polynomials, since (39) can be rewritten as then we get This is equivalent to (95) in the next theorem.

Theorem 18. The polynomials satisfy the exponential generating function

The case in (95), where , immediately yields Equations (95) and (96) reduce to Benoumhani’s results (cf. [3, Theorem 3]) when . The next theorem presents the explicit formula for the polynomials .

Theorem 19. The following explicit formula holds:

Proof. To prove this theorem, we first show that Note that by algebraic manipulation, one readily gets Reindexing the third sum and using (96), we get Comparing the coefficients of yields (98). The proof is then completed when is replaced with in (98).

Identity (98) used in the proof of the previous theorem is a generalization of Benoumhani’s [3, Theorem 4]. On the other hand, when , Moreover, we get the familiar representation of due to Rota [19] given by when in (101).

It is well-known that the binomial coefficients satisfy the binomial inversion formula The rest of this section contains corollaries which are obtained through the use of this.

Theorem 20. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy the following recursion formula:

Proof. Using the explicit formula (38) gives us Reindexing the summation yields (104).

Applying the abovementioned binomial inversion formula for and , we get the following corollary.

Corollary 21. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy the relation given by

Using (104), we have Similarly, we have Thus, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 22. The noncentral Dowling and the noncentral Tanny-Dowling polynomials satisfy the following recursions:

Consequently, we have the following.

Corollary 23. The noncentral Dowling and Tanny-Dowling polynomials satisfy the relations given by

Theorem 24. For nonnegative real number , the noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy

Proof. We can rewrite the explicit formula (38) as Reindexing the summation yields (113).

The next corollary is easily obtained by applying binomial inversion formula to (113).

Corollary 25. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy the relation given by

Theorem 26. The noncentral Dowling and the noncentral Tanny-Dowling polynomials satisfy the following recursions:

Proof. Combining (89) and (113) gives us Similarly, (90) and (113) give us

Remark 27. When , we get where are the -Dowling polynomials [10, 17]. Moreover, the case where yields [17, Theorems 2 and 3]

The binomial inversion formula readily yields the following.

Corollary 28. The noncentral Dowling and Tanny-Dowling polynomials satisfy the relations given by

The next theorem and corollary can be obtained by similar method as the previous ones. The proof is left as exercise.

Theorem 29. The following recursion formulas hold:

Corollary 30. The following recursion formulas hold:

The th Bell polynomial is known to satisfy the explicit formula Now, from (50), we have Thus we have the next theorem.

Theorem 31. The noncentral Dowling polynomials satisfy

Corollary 32. The Bell polynomials satisfy the following identity:

The case where in (127) and (128) is due to Rahmani (cf. [17, Theorem 4 and Corollary 1]). Obviously, is the binomial transform of . The curious identity is due to Chen [20, Theorem 3.2]. When , and if we let and , then we have the following.

Corollary 33. The noncentral Dowling polynomials and the Bell polynomials can be related as follows:

5. The Hankel Transform of Noncentral Dowling Numbers

Hankel matrices had been studied by several mathematicians because of their connections in some areas of mathematics, physics, and computer science. Further theories and applications of these matrices have been established including the Hankel determinant and Hankel transform. The Hankel transform was first introduced in Sloane’s sequence [21] and was later on studied by Layman [22]. Layman [22] first defined the Hankel transform of an integer sequence as the sequence of Hankel determinants of order of a given sequence. Among the remarkable properties established by Layman [22] is the property that any integer sequence has the same Hankel transform as its binomial transform, as well as its invert transform. In this section, we thoroughly investigate the Hankel transform of the noncentral Dowling numbers using this property.

Let be the infinite lower triangular matrix defined recursively by where , , if and if .

The next proposition shows that (131) is a recurrence relation of the infinite lower triangular matrix , where the entries in the 0-column are the numbers .

Proposition 34. Let be the exponential generating function of the th column of matrix . Then where and the 0-column entries of are the numbers .

To obtain the Hankel transform of the noncentral Dowling numbers, the next lemma which may be proved by induction is essential.

Lemma 35. Let be the th row of . Define Then for all nonnegative integers and

Before stating the next theorem, we first let and be the Hankel transform of the numbers .

Theorem 36. The Hankel transform of the numbers is given by

Proof. Suppose is the lower triangular submatrix of consisting of the rows and columns numbered from 0 to . Then . Let . It implies that On the other hand, by (134), we have , where That is, Thus, we have This is the desired result.

Notice that by (109) and (111), is the binomial transform of . Hence by the abovementioned property of Layman’s [22], and have the same Hankel transform. Finally, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 37. The Hankel transform of the noncentral Dowling numbers is given by

6. More Theorems on

Proposition 38. The noncentral Whitney numbers of the second kind satisfy the rational generating function

It is easy to express this identity as where . Hence, we have Since the left-hand side is just then by using the hypergeometric function defined by we get

Theorem 39. The noncentral Dowling polynomials satisfy the generating function

Proof. Applying Kummer’s formula [23, page 505] given by to (146) with and yields the desired result.

Remark 40. When and , we get [24, Theorem 3.2] where denotes the -Bell polynomials. In a similar manner, we get [7, page 10] where denotes the translated Dowling polynomials if we set and .
An equivalent of the result in the previous theorem is due to R. B. Corcino and C. B. Corcino [25, Theorem 4.1] obtained when and . This identity is established for the -Bell polynomials .

Definition 41 (see [26, page 268]). A real sequence , is called convex on an interval , where contains at least 3 consecutive integers, if

The above inequality is often referred to as the convexity property.

Theorem 42. For , the sequence of noncentral Dowling polynomials , , satisfies the convexity property.

Proof. Suppose . Then Multiplying the above inequality by and summing over give This is precisely the desired result.

Cesàro [27] obtained an integral representation of the Bell numbers , namely, Several generalizations of this remarkable representation were presented by Mező [24], Mangontarum et al. [6], and R. B. Corcino and C. B. Corcino [25]. To establish an analogous representation for , we take the explicit formula in (38) and substitute it to the right-hand side of Callan’s [28] integral identity given by That is, we obtain Multiplying both sides by and summing over give Hence, and we have the following theorem.

Theorem 43. The noncentral Dowling polynomials have the integral representation

Remark 44. The earlier mentioned results due to Mező, Mangontarum et al., and R. B. Corcino and C. B. Corcino can be obtained from this theorem by carefully assigning values to the parameters , , and (cf. [24, Theorem 6.1], [6, Theorems 10], and [25, Equation ]).

Another interesting fact on the Bell polynomials is the relation where denotes the th moment of a Poisson random variable with mean . From this point on, we use to denote such random variable. Another identity in line with this was obtained by Privault [29], namely, where is an extension of Bell polynomials satisfying It is also known that the th factorial moment of is Now, if we take the expectation of (40), we get through the aid of (38). Reindexing the sum yields Clearly, when is replaced with , On the other hand, using the binomial theorem, The above results are compiled in the next theorem.

Theorem 45. The following identities hold:

Remark 46. When and in (169), we get the classical identity (160). Similarly, if and in (170), we recover Privault’s identities in (161) and (163). Some results reported by Mangontarum and Corcino [30, Remarks 1, 2, and 3] can also be obtained from this theorem.

7. Some Questions and Conjectures

There are a number of further applications and possible extensions of the numbers introduced in this paper. The authors would like to direct the attention of the readers to some questions and conjectures.

Several studies regarding the identification of the index for which certain Stirling-type numbers attain their maximum value were conducted earlier by some mathematicians, for instance, Mező [24, 31] for the -Stirling and -Bell numbers, R. B. Corcino and C. B. Corcino [32] for the generalized Stirling numbers, and recently, Corcino et al. [33] for the noncentral Stirling numbers of the first kind.

Question 1. Is it possible to identify the maximizing index of the noncentral Whitney numbers of both kinds? Will these be different from the said earlier results?

Perhaps this question may be answered by the so-called “Erdős and Stone Theorem” mentioned in [33].

The study of asymptotic estimates/approximations and asymptotic formulas for Stirling-type numbers (such as the -Stirling numbers and the -Whitney numbers of the second kind) has been the interest of several mathematicians, especially C. B. Corcino and R. B. Corcino [34, 35], Corcino et al. [36], and Corcino et al. [37]. The next question is an interesting motivation for further study.

Question 2. It is compelling to study asymptotic approximations and obtain formulas for the noncentral Whitney numbers. However, will these formulas be distinct from those results found in [34–37] or will they be equivalent?

Corcino et al. [38] defined distinct “-analogues” for the noncentral Stirling numbers of the second kind. Using Definition 47, the said -noncentral Stirling numbers of the second kind were given a combinatorial interpretation in the context of -tableaux. A more general study can actually be seen in the work of de Médicis and Leroux [39].

Definition 47 (see [39]). An -tableau is a list of columns of Ferrer’s diagram of a partition (by decreasing order of length) such that the lengths are part of the sequence , a strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative integers.

In line with this, denoting by the set of -tableaux with and exactly columns and letting , , we have the following conjecture.

Conjecture 48. For complex numbers and , and a function from the set of nonnegative integers to a ring , defined by where is the length of column of an -tableaux in , one has

The key to proving this remarkable observation might be achieved using the explicit formula in (52).

A “multiparameter version” of the noncentral Stirling numbers of Koutras [12] was introduced by El-Desouky [40]. This extended the number of parameters from the usual one that is to a sequence , . -analogues of these numbers were then defined by Corcino and Mangontarum [41].

Conjecture 49. It is possible to establish a multiparameter version of the noncentral Whitney numbers of both kinds (may be called multiparameter noncentral Whitney numbers) either by means of a triangular recurrence relation or by a certain generating function.

Before ending this section, let us first note that Mangontarum and Katriel [42] investigated a connection of the defining relations of the -Whitney numbers of both kinds in (9) and (10) and the Boson operators and known to satisfy the commutation relation Using their observations in this matter, they were able to define a remarkable -deformation of the -Whitney numbers using the -Boson operators of Arik and Coon [43] which satisfies

Competing Interests

The authors declare that no competing interests exist regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This study is supported by the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs and the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Extension of Mindanao State University, Main Campus, Marawi City, the Office of the Campus Head of Mindanao State University, Maigo School of Arts and Trades, and the Office of the President, Mindanao State University, Main Campus, Marawi City.

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Copyright © 2016 Mahid M. Mangontarum et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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