Review Article
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in the Cardiorenal Syndrome
Table 1
Classification system of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS).
| | Description | Examples of inciting events | Examples of consequences |
| Type 1 CRS | Acute HF leads to AKI | (i) ADHF | (i) AKI | (ii) Cardiogenic shock | (ii) Diuretic resistance | (iii) Hypertensive pulmonary edema | |
| Type 2 CRS | Chronic HF leads to progressive CKD | (i) Chronic systolic HF | (i) Progressive CKD | (ii) Chronic HF with preserved systolic function | |
| Type 3 CRS | Acute renal dysfunction leads to acute cardiac dysfunction | (i) AKI | (i) ADHF | (ii) Glomerulonephritis | (ii) Acute HF | | (iii) Ischemia | | (iv) Arrhythmia | | (v) Decreased CO |
| Type 4 CRS | CKD leads to chronic cardiac dysfunction and/or increased risk of CV events | (i) CKD | (i) Systolic dysfunction | | (ii) LVH | | (iii) Diastolic dysfunction | | (iv) Coronary calcification | | (v) Decreased coronary perfusion |
| Type 5 CRS | Systemic disorder leads to cardiac and renal dysfunction | (i) Sepsis | (i) Acute HF | (ii) Vasculitis | (ii) Chronic HF | (iii) Diabetes | (iii) AKI | (iv) Amyloidosis | (iv) CKD |
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Adapted from [3]. ADHF: acutely decompensated heart failure; AKI: acute kidney injury; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CO: cardiac output; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.
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