Periodontal Disease: A Covert Source of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Table 1

Interventional studies (impact of periodontal therapy on systemic inflammatory biomarkers).

Study	No. of patients	Type of study	Serum inflammatory biomarkers	Results
Ebersole et al., 1997 [52]	34 pts/AP,; 35 pts/ctrl	Prospective/2 yrs; interventional,; SRP at every 6 mos + Fb (5,15 or 50 mg/b.i.d.)	CRP, Hp	↓ CRP, Hp; at 2 yrs
D’Aiuto et al., 2004 [53]	94 pts/SGP	Prospective/6 mos; interventional,; SPT (SRP)	CRP, IL-6	↓ CRP, IL-6; at 6 mos
D’Aiuto et al., 2005 [54]	65 pts/SGP	Prospective/2 mos; interventional,; IPT (SRP + Local Ab)	CRP, IL-6,; LDL chol; total chol	↓ CRP, IL-6,; ↓ LDL chol; ↓ total chol; at 2 mos
D’Aiuto et al., 2006 [55]	40 pts/SCGP	Prospective/6 mos; interventional; randomized; SPT/IPT	CRP, IL-6,; total chol	↓ CRP, IL-6; ↓ total chol; at 2 and 6 mos in both groups but more important in the IPT group
Tonetti et al., 2007 [56]	61 pts/SGP	RCT/Prospective/6 mos; interventional; IPT	CRP, IL-6; sE-selectin	transient, acute, short-term ↑ CRP, IL-6; ↓ CRP at 6 mos; ↓ sE-selectin
	59 pts/ctrl	SRP

AP: adult periodontitis; SGP: severe generalized periodontitis; SCGP: severe chronic generalized periodontitis; SRP: scaling and root planning; SPT: standard periodontal therapy; IPT: intensive periodontal therapy; Fb: flurbiprofen; Ab: antibiotic; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; LDL chol: LDL cholesterol; Hp: haptoglobin; sE-selectin: soluble E selectin; yrs: years; and mos: months.