Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury and Hepatorenal Syndrome in Patients with Cirrhosis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Demographics and clinical characteristics.
PRA
HRS
ATN
Other
value
( = 40)
( = 35)
( = 36)
( = 9)
Age (years)
58 (49.5, 66)
57 (49, 65)
60 (51, 63)
57 (51, 62)
0.80
Male sex (%)
26 (65%)
25 (71%)
26 (72%)
8 (89%)
0.60
White race (%)
34 (85%)
34 (97%)
34 (94%)
9 (100%)
0.49
Non-Hispanic ethnicity (%)
31 (78%)
30 (86%)
34 (94%)
9 (100%)
0.23
Body mass index (kg/m2)
28.8 (26.5, 34.6)
28.3 (23.7, 32.0)
27.4 (22.5, 32.8)
26.9 (25.1, 31.0)
0.38
Presence of infection (%)
15 (38%)
11 (31%)
18 (50%)
1 (11%)
0.14
Comorbidities (%)
Diabetes mellitus
11 (29%)
10 (29%)
11 (31%)
4 (8%)
0.81
Chronic kidney disease
7 (18%)
14 (41%)
10 (28%)
7 (78%)
0.01
Cardiovascular disease
8 (20%)
6 (17%)
7 (19%)
3 (33%)
0.73
Hypertension
17 (43%)
14 (40%)
14 (40%)
3 (33%)
0.99
Etiology of cirrhosis (%)
0.24
Hepatitis C
11 (28%)
4 (11%)
7 (19%)
2 (22%)
Alcohol
12 (30%)
12 (35%)
12 (33%)
0 (0%)
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
3 (8%)
4 (11%)
5 (14%)
1 (11%)
Multifactorial
12 (30%)
11 (31%)
6 (17%)
3 (33%)
Other
2 (5%)
4 (11%)
6 (17%)
3 (33%)
Prior complications of cirrhosis (%)
Ascites requiring prior paracentesis
14 (36%)
27 (82%)
12 (33%)
4 (44%)
<0.001
Encephalopathy
14 (35%)
20 (57%)
12 (33%)
3 (33%)
0.15
Gastrointestinal bleeding
7 (18%)
8 (23%)
6 (17%)
0 (0%)
0.52
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4 (10%)
7 (20%)
3 (8%)
0 (0%)
0.35
Portosystemic shunt
3 (8%)
2 (6%)
4 (11%)
2 (22%)
0.42
Prior liver transplantation (%)
2 (5%)
1 (3%)
0 (0%)
1 (11%)
0.57
MELD score (admission)
19 (17, 28)
24 (21, 31)
26 (20, 34)
20 (18, 21)
0.04
CLIF-SOFA score (admission)
8 (6, 9)
9 (8, 10)
10 (7, 12)
6 (5, 7)
0.01
Nephrologist consulted (%)
23 (58%)
31 (89%)
33 (92%)
6 (67%)
<0.001
AKI stage I or II (%)/stage III (%)
15 (38%)/25 (63%)
9 (26%)/26 (75%)
7 (19%)/29 (81%)
3 (33%)/6 (67%)
0.34
Medications received (%)
Intravenous albumin
28 (70%)
34 (97%)
29 (81%)
4 (44%)
<0.001
Midodrine
15 (38%)
31 (89%)
25 (69%)
2 (22%)
<0.001
Octreotide
21 (53%)
31 (89%)
24 (67%)
1 (11%)
<0.001
Intravenous vasopressor
13 (33%)
15 (43%)
19 (53%)
2 (22%)
0.21
Laboratory values/vital signs
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)
78 (73, 85)
74 (69, 80)
73 (68, 80)
86 (79, 88)
0.07
Urine output (mL/24 hours)
763 (475, 1125)
488 (325, 750)
625 (300, 1095)
873 (525, 1450)
0.23
Enrollment creatinine (mg/dL)
1.4 (1.2, 1.8)
2.7 (2.0, 3.0)
2.3 (1.9, 3.6)
2.3 (2.0, 3.7)
<0.001
Peak creatinine (mg/dL)
1.9 (1.6, 2.6)
3.4 (2.7, 4.7)
3.5 (2.5, 6.8)
4.1 (2.3, 4.5)
<0.001
Sodium (mEq/L)
133 (130, 137)
131 (128, 136)
136 (132, 141)
136 (129, 140)
0.10
White blood count (K/uL)
7.2 (4.3, 10.6)
7.0 (4.8, 10.6)
9.1 (5.5, 15.7)
6.4 (4.1, 8.8)
0.10
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
8.3 (8.0, 9.5)
9.0 (7.9, 10.0)
8.6 (7.9, 9.4)
8.9 (8.4, 11.1)
0.44
Platelets (K/uL)
89 (57, 124)
77 (58, 101)
64 (47, 125)
93 (77, 143)
0.50
Albumin (g/dL)
2.9 (2.5, 3.6)
3.5 (3.2, 3.7)
2.8 (2.7, 3.2)
2.8 (2.5, 4.1)
0.01
International normalized ratio (INR)
1.7 (1.3, 2.0)
1.8 (1.5, 2.1)
1.9 (1.5, 2.3)
1.4 (1.2, 1.5)
0.01
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
3.8 (1.7, 8.2)
5.0 (2.2, 11.0)
9.6 (2.5, 22.2)
2.0 (1.1, 3.8)
0.06
Urine sodium <10 mmol/L (%)
9 (43%)
21 (75%)
5 (26%)
2 (33%)
<0.001
All values were taken at time of study enrollment unless otherwise noted. Continuous variables presented as median (quartile 1, quartile 3). PRA: prerenal azotemia, HRS: hepatorenal syndrome, and ATN: acute tubular necrosis. One participant received red blood cell transfusion instead of albumin. for PRA, for HRS, for ATN, and for other. for PRA, for HRS, for ATN, and for other.
